{ "meta": { "book": { "id": "laozi", "title": "老子", "titleSimp": "老子", "author": "老聃", "authorSimp": "老聃", "era": "春秋", "eraSimp": "春秋", "editor": "河上公、王弼等", "editorSimp": "河上公、王弼等", "edition": "王弼《老子注》", "editionSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "slug": "laozi", "baseLabel": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabelSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "separationLabel": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍老子解、吳澄道德真經注、憨山道德經解、魏源老子本義、俞樾平議、王夫之老子衍十四家", "separationLabelSimp": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙老子解、吴澄道德真经注、憨山道德经解、魏源老子本义、俞樾平议、王夫之老子衍十四家", "intro": "《老子》八十一章，分道經、德經。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》為底本，逐章整理正文、舊注、今譯與校記；第一至八十一章已上線，全帙完竣。", "introSimp": "《老子》八十一章，分道经、德经。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》为底本，逐章整理正文、旧注、今译与校记；第一至八十一章已上线，全帙完竣。" }, "chapter": { "id": "laozi-08", "no": 8, "part": "道經", "partSimp": "道经", "title": "第八章", "titleSimp": "第八章", "intro": "《老子》第八章，河上公題「易性」，唐玄宗題「上善若水章」。全章四句：以水喻上善，言水善利萬物而不爭、處眾人之所惡，故幾於道；次列居善地、心善淵、與善仁、言善信、正善治、事善能、動善時七善；末以「夫唯不爭，故無尤」結之。本站以王弼《老子注》為底本，分列河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》與王夫之《老子衍》，並附編者今譯。諸家於七善或以水德言，或以聖德言；吳澄謂七善乃眾人所善而非上善；分章則河上公、通行王弼本以此章獨立，吳澄、魏源因合上章「谷神不死」而以此章為第七章。", "introSimp": "《老子》第八章，河上公题「易性」，唐玄宗题「上善若水章」。全章四句：以水喻上善，言水善利万物而不争、处众人之所恶，故几于道；次列居善地、心善渊、与善仁、言善信、正善治、事善能、动善时七善；末以「夫唯不争，故无尤」结之。本站以王弼《老子注》为底本，分列河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》与王夫之《老子衍》，并附编者今译。诸家于七善或以水德言，或以圣德言；吴澄谓七善乃众人所善而非上善；分章则河上公、通行王弼本以此章独立，吴澄、魏源因合上章「谷神不死」而以此章为第七章。", "guide": "點擊任一句可展開句注；點擊字詞可看本句訓釋；按「諸家並觀」可將同一句的十三家舊注並列對讀。", "guideSimp": "点击任一句可展开句注；点击字词可看本句训释；按「诸家并观」可将同一句的十三家旧注并列对读。", "slug": "08", "order": 8, "status": "published", "revision": "初校", "review": "待复核", "updated": "2026-10-29", "summary": "以「上善若水」立喻，謂水善利萬物而不爭、處眾人之所惡，故幾於道；次列居、心、與、言、正、事、動七善，末以「夫唯不爭，故無尤」收束；附河上公、王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、嚴遵、李榮、陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄、憨山、魏源、王夫之十三家注疏，王弼本校「正善治」，諸本或作「政善治」，異文並見校記。", "summarySimp": "以「上善若水」立喻，谓水善利万物而不争、处众人之所恶，故几于道；次列居、心、与、言、正、事、动七善，末以「夫唯不争，故无尤」收束；附河上公、王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、严遵、李荣、陆希声、吕惠卿、苏辙、吴澄、憨山、魏源、王夫之十三家注疏，王弼本校「正善治」，诸本或作「政善治」，异文并见校记。", "dataFile": "data/chapters/laozi-08.json", "relationsFile": "data/commentary-relations-laozi-08.json", "url": "/laozi/08/", "volumeId": "daojing", "volumeTitle": "道經", "volumeTitleSimp": "道经", "orderLabel": "第八" }, "edition": { "base": "王弼《老子注》", "baseEdition": "王弼《老子注》通行本", "separation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、嚴遵《道德真經指歸》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德真經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》諸本對校；陸希聲、呂惠卿二家據《道藏》本，參焦竑《老子翼》所輯", "punctuation": "數字轉錄所附現代標點，本站僅作閱讀輔助，尚未逐字復核原刻", "digital": "中華典藏網、大道家園公開轉錄、Kanripo 漢籍全文資料庫（僅作文字底本）", "caution": "《玄德纂疏》數字本訛字較多，河上公、王弼、唐玄宗御注御疏、蘇轍、吳澄、李榮、陸希聲、呂惠卿別取專本；成玄英疏、嚴遵文字經人工校正。李榮《道德真經注》道藏本卷一止於第六章，本章據《玄德纂疏》所引輯錄，並以 OCR 本校讀；憨山、魏源、王夫之據公開轉錄本校讀。王弼注數字底本「言人皆應於治道也」緊接「故無尤」下，經據注文文義校正，詳見校記。", "baseSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "baseEditionSimp": "王弼《老子注》通行本", "separationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、严遵《道德真经指归》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德真经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》诸本对校；陆希声、吕惠卿二家据《道藏》本，参焦竑《老子翼》所辑", "punctuationSimp": "数字转录所附现代标点，本站仅作阅读辅助，尚未逐字复核原刻", "digitalSimp": "中华典藏网、大道家园公开转录、Kanripo 汉籍全文资料库（仅作文字底本）", "cautionSimp": "《玄德纂疏》数字本讹字较多，河上公、王弼、唐玄宗御注御疏、苏辙、吴澄、李荣、陆希声、吕惠卿别取专本；成玄英疏、严遵文字经人工校正。李荣《道德真经注》道藏本卷一止于第六章，本章据《玄德纂疏》所引辑录，并以 OCR 本校读；憨山、魏源、王夫之据公开转录本校读。王弼注数字底本「言人皆应于治道也」紧接「故无尤」下，经据注文文义校正，详见校记。" }, "license": { "historical": "公有領域", "translation": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "code": "MIT" }, "stats": { "sentences": 4, "commentaries": 35, "charNotes": 7, "collations": 6 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "heshanggong", "name": "河上公章句", "short": "河上公", "author": "河上公", "work": "老子道德經章句", "era": "漢", "years": "傳漢文帝時", "color": "#a3542c", "desc": "分章句解，兼重治身與治國；此章題「易性」，以水喻上善之人，逐句以水性釋七善。", "count": 6, "nameSimp": "河上公章句", "workSimp": "老子道德经章句", "authorSimp": "河上公", "eraSimp": "汉", "yearsSimp": "传汉文帝时", "descSimp": "分章句解，兼重治身与治国；此章题「易性」，以水喻上善之人，逐句以水性释七善。", "shortSimp": "河上公" }, { "id": "wangbi", "name": "王弼注", "short": "王注", "author": "王弼", "work": "老子道德經注", "era": "曹魏", "years": "226–249", "color": "#8c5a2b", "desc": "以「無」為本，倡崇本息末；此章以「道無水有」釋幾於道，以「人皆應於治道」總釋七善。", "count": 2, "nameSimp": "王弼注", "workSimp": "老子道德经注", "authorSimp": "王弼", "eraSimp": "曹魏", "yearsSimp": "226–249", "descSimp": "以「无」为本，倡崇本息末；此章以「道无水有」释几于道，以「人皆应于治道」总释七善。", "shortSimp": "王注" }, { "id": "chengxuanying", "name": "成玄英疏", "short": "成疏", "author": "成玄英", "work": "老子道德經義疏", "era": "唐", "years": "約 608–669", "color": "#6b7a4a", "desc": "以重玄雙遣為宗；此章以水之二種（執、忘）釋上善，以三能、七德況聖德。", "count": 4, "nameSimp": "成玄英疏", "workSimp": "老子道德经义疏", "authorSimp": "成玄英", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "约 608–669", "descSimp": "以重玄双遣为宗；此章以水之二种（执、忘）释上善，以三能、七德况圣德。", "shortSimp": "成疏" }, { "id": "tangxuanzong", "name": "唐玄宗御注御疏", "short": "御注", "author": "李隆基", "work": "道德真經注疏", "era": "唐", "years": "685–762", "color": "#9b3d3d", "desc": "帝王御注，兼採諸家；此章以水喻至人上善，御注御疏逐句以水性釋七善。", "count": 8, "nameSimp": "唐玄宗御注御疏", "workSimp": "道德真经注疏", "authorSimp": "李隆基", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "685–762", "descSimp": "帝王御注，兼采诸家；此章以水喻至人上善，御注御疏逐句以水性释七善。", "shortSimp": "御注" }, { "id": "yanzun", "name": "嚴遵指歸", "short": "嚴指歸", "author": "嚴遵", "work": "道德真經指歸", "era": "漢", "years": "約前 83–10", "color": "#7a5c3e", "desc": "以自然、真素立說；此章以體柔守弱、去高處下、去己任因說不爭無尤。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "严遵指归", "workSimp": "道德真经指归", "authorSimp": "严遵", "eraSimp": "汉", "yearsSimp": "约前 83–10", "descSimp": "以自然、真素立说；此章以体柔守弱、去高处下、去己任因说不争无尤。", "shortSimp": "严指归" }, { "id": "lirong", "name": "李榮注", "short": "李注", "author": "李榮", "work": "道德真經注", "era": "唐", "years": "生卒不詳", "color": "#4f6b7a", "desc": "唐初道士，以重玄遣執解《老》；此章以水喻道，逐句以水與人對舉。", "count": 3, "nameSimp": "李荣注", "workSimp": "道德真经注", "authorSimp": "李荣", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "生卒不详", "descSimp": "唐初道士，以重玄遣执解《老》；此章以水喻道，逐句以水与人对举。", "shortSimp": "李注" }, { "id": "luxisheng", "name": "陸希聲傳", "short": "陸傳", "author": "陸希聲", "work": "道德經傳", "era": "唐", "years": "？–895", "color": "#6a5a7a", "desc": "以情性說《老》；此章以水德七善比上善之人，歸於不爭。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "陆希声传", "workSimp": "道德经传", "authorSimp": "陆希声", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "？–895", "descSimp": "以情性说《老》；此章以水德七善比上善之人，归于不争。", "shortSimp": "陆传" }, { "id": "lvhuiqing", "name": "呂惠卿傳", "short": "呂傳", "author": "呂惠卿", "work": "道德真經傳", "era": "北宋", "years": "1032–1111", "color": "#7a6a4a", "desc": "北宋新學一系；此章以上善為道之所謂善，以水之七德說聖人。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "吕惠卿传", "workSimp": "道德真经传", "authorSimp": "吕惠卿", "eraSimp": "北宋", "yearsSimp": "1032–1111", "descSimp": "北宋新学一系；此章以上善为道之所谓善，以水之七德说圣人。", "shortSimp": "吕传" }, { "id": "suzhe", "name": "蘇轍老子解", "short": "蘇解", "author": "蘇轍", "work": "老子解", "era": "北宋", "years": "1039–1112", "color": "#4a6a6a", "desc": "以形名言道；此章以道運為善、氣運生水，謂水麗於形而幾於道。", "count": 3, "nameSimp": "苏辙老子解", "workSimp": "老子解", "authorSimp": "苏辙", "eraSimp": "北宋", "yearsSimp": "1039–1112", "descSimp": "以形名言道；此章以道运为善、气运生水，谓水丽于形而几于道。", "shortSimp": "苏解" }, { "id": "wucheng", "name": "吳澄道德真經注", "short": "吳注", "author": "吳澄", "work": "道德真經注", "era": "元", "years": "1249–1333", "color": "#5a6a3a", "desc": "元代朱學大家；此章以水喻有道者之善，謂七善乃眾人所善而非上善。", "count": 3, "nameSimp": "吴澄道德真经注", "workSimp": "道德真经注", "authorSimp": "吴澄", "eraSimp": "元", "yearsSimp": "1249–1333", "descSimp": "元代朱学大家；此章以水喻有道者之善，谓七善乃众人所善而非上善。", "shortSimp": "吴注" }, { "id": "hanshan", "name": "憨山道德經解", "short": "憨山", "author": "釋德清", "work": "道德經解", "era": "明", "years": "1546–1623", "color": "#705a4a", "desc": "晚明高僧；此章以謙虛不爭之德為上善，謂不爭則無往不善。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "憨山道德经解", "workSimp": "道德经解", "authorSimp": "释德清", "eraSimp": "明", "yearsSimp": "1546–1623", "descSimp": "晚明高僧；此章以谦虚不争之德为上善，谓不争则无往不善。", "shortSimp": "憨山" }, { "id": "weiyuan", "name": "魏源老子本義", "short": "魏本義", "author": "魏源", "work": "老子本義", "era": "清", "years": "1794–1857", "color": "#3d5a6a", "desc": "清代今文經學家；此章集李贄、呂惠卿、吳澄、蘇轍諸說，而以不爭為上善。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "魏源老子本义", "workSimp": "老子本义", "authorSimp": "魏源", "eraSimp": "清", "yearsSimp": "1794–1857", "descSimp": "清代今文经学家；此章集李贽、吕惠卿、吴澄、苏辙诸说，而以不争为上善。", "shortSimp": "魏本义" }, { "id": "wangfuzhi", "name": "船山衍", "short": "船山", "author": "王夫之", "work": "老子衍", "era": "清", "years": "1619–1692", "color": "#3f5d52", "desc": "以「兩端生於一致」解《老》；此章以水為五行最微，謂處眾之後而常得眾之先。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "船山衍", "workSimp": "老子衍", "authorSimp": "王夫之", "eraSimp": "清", "yearsSimp": "1619–1692", "descSimp": "以「两端生于一致」解《老》；此章以水为五行最微，谓处众之后而常得众之先。", "shortSimp": "船山" }, { "id": "translator", "name": "本站今譯", "short": "今譯", "author": "LibreBook 編者", "work": "今譯", "era": "當代", "years": "", "color": "#8a8a8a", "desc": "編者據舊注與上下文所作語體今譯，供閱讀參照。", "count": 4, "nameSimp": "本站今译", "workSimp": "今译", "authorSimp": "LibreBook 编者", "eraSimp": "当代", "yearsSimp": "", "descSimp": "编者据旧注与上下文所作语体今译，供阅读参照。", "shortSimp": "今译" } ], "sentences": [ { "id": "s001", "paragraph": 1, "text": "上善若水。", "textSimp": "上善若水。", "translation": "最高的善就像水一样。", "translationTrad": "最高的善就像水一樣。", "noteIds": [ "c001", "c009", "c013", "c017", "c022", "c025", "c026", "c027", "c030", "c033", "c034", "c035" ], "noteCount": 12, "charNoteIds": [ "n001" ], "key": "laozi-08:s001", "n": 1 }, { "id": "s002", "paragraph": 1, "text": "水善利萬物而不爭，處眾人之所惡，故幾於道。", "textSimp": "水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。", "translation": "水善于利益万物而不与万物相争，安居于众人所厌恶的低下之处，所以接近于道。", "translationTrad": "水善於利益萬物而不與萬物相爭，安居於眾人所厭惡的低下之處，所以接近於道。", "noteIds": [ "c002", "c003", "c004", "c007", "c010", "c014", "c018", "c022", "c025", "c026", "c027", "c030", "c033", "c034", "c035" ], "noteCount": 15, "charNoteIds": [ "n002", "n003" ], "key": "laozi-08:s002", "n": 2 }, { "id": "s003", "paragraph": 1, "text": "居善地，心善淵，與善仁，言善信，正善治，事善能，動善時。", "textSimp": "居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，正善治，事善能，动善时。", "translation": "居处善于选择卑下之地，心境善于保持深沉宁静，交往善于施仁，言语善于守信，为政善于治理，处事善于发挥所能，行动善于把握时机。", "translationTrad": "居處善於選擇卑下之地，心境善於保持深沉寧靜，交往善於施仁，言語善於守信，為政善於治理，處事善於發揮所能，行動善於把握時機。", "noteIds": [ "c005", "c008", "c011", "c015", "c019", "c023", "c025", "c026", "c028", "c031", "c033", "c034", "c035" ], "noteCount": 13, "charNoteIds": [ "n004", "n005", "n006" ], "key": "laozi-08:s003", "n": 3 }, { "id": "s004", "paragraph": 1, "text": "夫唯不爭，故無尤。", "textSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤。", "translation": "正因为不争，所以没有过失，也没有怨咎。", "translationTrad": "正因為不爭，所以沒有過失，也沒有怨咎。", "noteIds": [ "c006", "c012", "c016", "c020", "c021", "c024", "c025", "c026", "c029", "c032", "c033", "c034", "c035" ], "noteCount": 13, "charNoteIds": [ "n007" ], "key": "laozi-08:s004", "n": 4 } ], "commentaries": [ { "id": "c001", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "上善若水", "kind": "note", "text": "上善之人，如水之性。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "textSimp": "上善之人，如水之性。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》", "lemmaSimp": "上善若水" }, { "id": "c002", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "水善利萬物", "kind": "note", "text": "水在天為霧露，在地為泉源。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "textSimp": "水在天为雾露，在地为泉源。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》", "lemmaSimp": "水善利万物" }, { "id": "c003", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "處眾人之所惡", "kind": "note", "text": "眾人惡卑濕垢濁，水獨靜流居之。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "textSimp": "众人恶卑湿垢浊，水独静流居之。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》", "lemmaSimp": "处众人之所恶" }, { "id": "c004", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "故幾於道", "kind": "note", "text": "水性幾與道同。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "textSimp": "水性几与道同。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》", "lemmaSimp": "故几于道" }, { "id": "c005", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "水性善喜於地，在草木之上，即流而下，有似於牝動而下人也。水心空虛，淵深清明。萬物得水以生，與虛不與盈也。水內影照形，不失其情。無有不洗，清且平也。能方能圓，曲直隨形。夏散冬凝，應期而動，不失天時也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "textSimp": "水性善喜于地，在草木之上，即流而下，有似于牝动而下人也。水心空虚，渊深清明。万物得水以生，与虚不与盈也。水内影照形，不失其情。无有不洗，清且平也。能方能圆，曲直随形。夏散冬凝，应期而动，不失天时也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c006", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "夫唯不爭，壅之則止，決之則流，聽從人也。故無尤，水性如是，故天下無有怨尤水者也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "textSimp": "夫唯不争，壅之则止，决之则流，听从人也。故无尤，水性如是，故天下无有怨尤水者也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c007", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "水善利萬物而不爭，處眾人之所惡，故幾於道", "kind": "note", "text": "人惡卑也。道無水有，故曰幾也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》", "textSimp": "人恶卑也。道无水有，故曰几也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》", "lemmaSimp": "水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道" }, { "id": "c008", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "言人皆應於治道也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》", "textSimp": "言人皆应于治道也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c009", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "上善若水", "kind": "note", "text": "水有二種，一執二忘，此是忘善，故稱為上。水有多種利用，故偕況之；利用功能，具列於下。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "textSimp": "水有二种，一执二忘，此是忘善，故称为上。水有多种利用，故偕况之；利用功能，具列于下。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》", "lemmaSimp": "上善若水" }, { "id": "c010", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "水善利萬物而不爭，處眾人之所惡，故幾於道", "kind": "note", "text": "水善利萬物，言水在天為霧露，在地為泉源，津潤霑洽，利物處多，以此功能，故況聖德。聖德應感，善功機權，方便開化，其義如水，故以為喻也。又不爭，水性柔和，不與物爭，方圓任器，壅決隨人，上善之行，應物亦爾。處眾人之所惡，所惡者卑下之地，卑下之地水則居之，言眾人皆捨下趣高，憍慢陵物，上善獨去高取下，柔和靜退。故幾於道，幾，近也，言行此三能，故近於道。三能已了，次明七德。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "textSimp": "水善利万物，言水在天为雾露，在地为泉源，津润沾洽，利物处多，以此功能，故况圣德。圣德应感，善功机权，方便开化，其义如水，故以为喻也。又不争，水性柔和，不与物争，方圆任器，壅决随人，上善之行，应物亦尔。处众人之所恶，所恶者卑下之地，卑下之地水则居之，言众人皆舍下趣高，憍慢陵物，上善独去高取下，柔和静退。故几于道，几，近也，言行此三能，故近于道。三能已了，次明七德。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》", "lemmaSimp": "水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道" }, { "id": "c011", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "水性趣下，以下為安；上善好謙，以謙為吉，故用卑下而為善地，所謂處乎不競之地。淵，止水也；言止水清潔泓澄，淵深難測，上善心源虛遠，靜照亦然，故淵靜則鑒人，心虛則照物。仁，恩也；言水性霑濡，惠潤於物，聖德慈救，恩被蒼生，慈救則不隔怨親，霑濡則豈揀淨穢。信，實也；水能澄鑒儀貌，妍醜不欺，聖言證理，信如符契；亦言海水三潮，不失時候，況聖智逗機，不遺三品。水性平而無僻，聖心正而治邪，《莊》云：平中準，大匠取則焉。水性多能，隨事利益；聖智虛察，順物成功。水冬凝夏釋，流結隨時；況聖智虛忘，感來則應，觀機動寂，不失事宜，出處默語，不二而一。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "textSimp": "水性趣下，以下为安；上善好谦，以谦为吉，故用卑下而为善地，所谓处乎不竞之地。渊，止水也；言止水清洁泓澄，渊深难测，上善心源虚远，静照亦然，故渊静则鉴人，心虚则照物。仁，恩也；言水性沾濡，惠润于物，圣德慈救，恩被苍生，慈救则不隔怨亲，沾濡则岂拣净秽。信，实也；水能澄鉴仪貌，妍丑不欺，圣言证理，信如符契；亦言海水三潮，不失时候，况圣智逗机，不遗三品。水性平而无僻，圣心正而治邪，《庄》云：平中准，大匠取则焉。水性多能，随事利益；圣智虚察，顺物成功。水冬凝夏释，流结随时；况圣智虚忘，感来则应，观机动寂，不失事宜，出处默语，不二而一。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c012", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "夫唯義同前釋：唯水與聖獨以不爭為能，虛柔順故，無尤過也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "textSimp": "夫唯义同前释：唯水与圣独以不争为能，虚柔顺故，无尤过也。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c013", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "上善若水", "kind": "note", "text": "將明至人上善之功，故舉水性幾道之喻。", "authorNote": "御注", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "将明至人上善之功，故举水性几道之喻。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御注）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御注", "lemmaSimp": "上善若水" }, { "id": "c014", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "故幾於道", "kind": "note", "text": "幾，近也。", "authorNote": "御注", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "几，近也。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御注）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御注", "lemmaSimp": "故几于道" }, { "id": "c015", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "上善之人，處身柔弱，亦如水之居地，潤益一切；地以卑用，水好下流。用心深靜，亦如水之淵停矣。施與合乎至仁，亦如水之滋潤品物也。發言信實，亦如水之行險，不失其信矣。從政善治，亦如水之洗滌群物，令其清靜矣。於事善能因任，亦如水性方圓隨器，不滯於物矣。物感而應，不失其時，亦如水之春泮冬凝矣。", "authorNote": "御注", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "上善之人，处身柔弱，亦如水之居地，润益一切；地以卑用，水好下流。用心深静，亦如水之渊停矣。施与合乎至仁，亦如水之滋润品物也。发言信实，亦如水之行险，不失其信矣。从政善治，亦如水之洗涤群物，令其清静矣。于事善能因任，亦如水性方圆随器，不滞于物矣。物感而应，不失其时，亦如水之春泮冬凝矣。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御注）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御注", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c016", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "上善之人，虛心順物，如彼水性壅止決流，既不違迕於物，故無尤過之地。", "authorNote": "御注", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "上善之人，虚心顺物，如彼水性壅止决流，既不违迕于物，故无尤过之地。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御注）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御注", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c017", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "上善若水", "kind": "note", "text": "上善者，標人也；若水者，舉喻也。至人虛懷，於法無住，忘善而善，是善之上。上善之行，如水之能，具在下文，皆含法喻。", "authorNote": "御疏", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "上善者，标人也；若水者，举喻也。至人虚怀，于法无住，忘善而善，是善之上。上善之行，如水之能，具在下文，皆含法喻。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御疏）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御疏", "lemmaSimp": "上善若水" }, { "id": "c018", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "水善利萬物而不爭，處眾人之所惡，故幾於道", "kind": "note", "text": "水性甘涼，散灑一切，被其潤澤，蒙利則長，故云善利，此一能也。天下柔弱，莫過於水，平可取法，清能鑒人，乘流遇坎，與之委順，在人所引，嘗不競爭，此二能也。惡居下流，眾生恆趣，水則就卑受濁，處惡不辭，此三能也。幾，近也；利物明其弘益，不爭表其柔弱，處惡示其含垢，此水性之三能，唯至人之一貫；其行如此，去道不遐，故云近爾。", "authorNote": "御疏", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "水性甘凉，散洒一切，被其润泽，蒙利则长，故云善利，此一能也。天下柔弱，莫过于水，平可取法，清能鉴人，乘流遇坎，与之委顺，在人所引，尝不竞争，此二能也。恶居下流，众生恒趣，水则就卑受浊，处恶不辞，此三能也。几，近也；利物明其弘益，不争表其柔弱，处恶示其含垢，此水性之三能，唯至人之一贯；其行如此，去道不遐，故云近尔。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御疏）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御疏", "lemmaSimp": "水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道" }, { "id": "c019", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "至人所居，善能弘益，如水在地，利物則多；又地道用卑，水好流下，同至人之謙順，幾道性之柔弱，故云居善地。至人之心，善於安靜，如水之性，湛爾泉渟，水靜則清明，心閑則了悟；淵，深靜也，故云心善淵。至人弘濟，常以與人，善施之功合乎仁行，如水潤物，無心愛憎，故云與善仁。上善之人，言必真實，弘化凡庶，善信不欺，如彼泉流，豈殊坎險？故云言善信。注云「行險而不失其信」者，《周易》坎卦辭也。政，正也；至人於事，動合無心，正容悟物，物因從正，正則理，非善而何？如彼水性，洗滌群物，令其清靜，故云政善治。至人圓明，於物無礙，凡有運動，在事皆通，通則善能，是名照了；如彼水性，決之為川，壅之為池，浮舟涵虛，無所不為，是善能也。至人之心，喻彼虛谷，方之鏡像，物感斯應；如彼水性，春泮冬凝，與時消息，故云動善時。", "authorNote": "御疏", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "至人所居，善能弘益，如水在地，利物则多；又地道用卑，水好流下，同至人之谦顺，几道性之柔弱，故云居善地。至人之心，善于安静，如水之性，湛尔泉渟，水静则清明，心闲则了悟；渊，深静也，故云心善渊。至人弘济，常以与人，善施之功合乎仁行，如水润物，无心爱憎，故云与善仁。上善之人，言必真实，弘化凡庶，善信不欺，如彼泉流，岂殊坎险？故云言善信。注云「行险而不失其信」者，《周易》坎卦辞也。政，正也；至人于事，动合无心，正容悟物，物因从正，正则理，非善而何？如彼水性，洗涤群物，令其清静，故云政善治。至人圆明，于物无碍，凡有运动，在事皆通，通则善能，是名照了；如彼水性，决之为川，壅之为池，浮舟涵虚，无所不为，是善能也。至人之心，喻彼虚谷，方之镜像，物感斯应；如彼水性，春泮冬凝，与时消息，故云动善时。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御疏）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御疏", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c020", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "尤，過也。至人善行，與物無傷，虛心曲全，未嘗爭競，波流頹靡，委順若斯，既不違逆於物，故無尤過之地矣。", "authorNote": "御疏", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》", "textSimp": "尤，过也。至人善行，与物无伤，虚心曲全，未尝争竞，波流颓靡，委顺若斯，既不违逆于物，故无尤过之地矣。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（御疏）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》", "authorNoteSimp": "御疏", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c021", "block": 0, "source": "yanzun", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "人者體柔守弱，去高處下，受辱如地，含垢如海，言順人心，身在人後；人之所惡，常獨處之，恬若無心，蕩若無已，變動無常，與道流止，去己任因，莫過於水。帝王體之，用之為治，其德微妙，有何尤矣。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "textSimp": "人者体柔守弱，去高处下，受辱如地，含垢如海，言顺人心，身在人后；人之所恶，常独处之，恬若无心，荡若无已，变动无常，与道流止，去己任因，莫过于水。帝王体之，用之为治，其德微妙，有何尤矣。", "citationFull": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "citationSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c022", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "上善若水", "kind": "note", "text": "上善若水，水善利萬物又不爭，處眾人之所惡，故幾於道。理本深遠，難可測知；善人修道，行亦微妙，故借於水以為喻焉。水能潤物，道能濟人，故言善利；水則壅決任人，道則大順平等，故言不爭；物多惡下，人多愛上，今水流趣下，道行謙退，故言處惡。幾者，近也；水性與道相近，故取以為譬焉。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "textSimp": "上善若水，水善利万物又不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。理本深远，难可测知；善人修道，行亦微妙，故借于水以为喻焉。水能润物，道能济人，故言善利；水则壅决任人，道则大顺平等，故言不争；物多恶下，人多爱上，今水流趣下，道行谦退，故言处恶。几者，近也；水性与道相近，故取以为譬焉。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "lemmaSimp": "上善若水" }, { "id": "c023", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "水不擇地，隨處俱流；行道之人，所居皆善也。水心靜而明，人心虛而鑒也。水洽於物，人惠於俗。水之影物，妍醜不失其形；仁者為言，終始不乖其實。太平莫盛於停水，無偏不越於善人。水之無用不成，君子何為不可。水冬凝夏液，不差其節；君子相時而動，未失其宜也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "textSimp": "水不择地，随处俱流；行道之人，所居皆善也。水心静而明，人心虚而鉴也。水洽于物，人惠于俗。水之影物，妍丑不失其形；仁者为言，终始不乖其实。太平莫盛于停水，无偏不越于善人。水之无用不成，君子何为不可。水冬凝夏液，不差其节；君子相时而动，未失其宜也。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c024", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "水本無心，人能虛己，不與物爭，自然之道也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "textSimp": "水本无心，人能虚己，不与物争，自然之道也。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c025", "block": 0, "source": "luxisheng", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "第八章", "kind": "note", "text": "從道之人無所不善，故謂之上善。夫水常處汙下，不與物爭，故萬物莫不得其利，蓋近於道矣。故上善之人若此水德：其居世若水之在地，其用心若水之淵回，其施與若水之潤澤，其言語若水之信實，其為政若水之清靜，其行事若水之任器，其變動若水之應時。夫唯常處汙下，故人莫得而挫；夫唯不與物爭，故物莫與之爭。《易》曰：謙者德之柄，水得之矣。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "陸希聲《道德經傳》（《道藏》本）", "textSimp": "从道之人无所不善，故谓之上善。夫水常处污下，不与物争，故万物莫不得其利，盖近于道矣。故上善之人若此水德：其居世若水之在地，其用心若水之渊回，其施与若水之润泽，其言语若水之信实，其为政若水之清静，其行事若水之任器，其变动若水之应时。夫唯常处污下，故人莫得而挫；夫唯不与物争，故物莫与之争。《易》曰：谦者德之柄，水得之矣。", "citationFull": "陸希聲《道德經傳》（《道藏》本）", "citationSimp": "陆希声《道德经传》（《道藏》本）", "lemmaSimp": "第八章" }, { "id": "c026", "block": 0, "source": "lvhuiqing", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "第八章", "kind": "note", "text": "一陰一陽之謂道，繼之者善也。謂之繼，則已離道而非道之體矣。上善者，道之所謂善者也，非天下皆知善之為善者也，故若水焉。蓋水善利萬物而不爭，處眾人之所惡，而上善亦然，則雖未足以為幾於道矣。江海所以能為百谷王者，以其下之也，故以居則善地。鯢桓之審為淵，止水之審為淵，流水之審為淵，故以心則善淵。注焉而不滿，酌焉而不竭，故以與則善仁。行險而不失其信，故以言則善信。其派為川谷，其委為瀆海，故以政則善治。天下莫柔弱於水，而攻堅強者莫之能先，故以事則善能。源泉混混，不舍晝夜，盈科而後進，故以動則善時。要之出於不爭，而以居善地為本，故曰夫唯不爭，則天下莫能與之爭，故無尤。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "呂惠卿《道德真經傳》（《道藏》本）", "textSimp": "一阴一阳之谓道，继之者善也。谓之继，则已离道而非道之体矣。上善者，道之所谓善者也，非天下皆知善之为善者也，故若水焉。盖水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，而上善亦然，则虽未足以为几于道矣。江海所以能为百谷王者，以其下之也，故以居则善地。鲵桓之审为渊，止水之审为渊，流水之审为渊，故以心则善渊。注焉而不满，酌焉而不竭，故以与则善仁。行险而不失其信，故以言则善信。其派为川谷，其委为渎海，故以政则善治。天下莫柔弱于水，而攻坚强者莫之能先，故以事则善能。源泉混混，不舍昼夜，盈科而后进，故以动则善时。要之出于不争，而以居善地为本，故曰夫唯不争，则天下莫能与之争，故无尤。", "citationFull": "呂惠卿《道德真經傳》（《道藏》本）", "citationSimp": "吕惠卿《道德真经传》（《道藏》本）", "lemmaSimp": "第八章" }, { "id": "c027", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "上善若水", "kind": "note", "text": "《易》曰：一陰一陽之謂道，繼之者善也，成之者性也。又曰：天以一生水。蓋道運而為善，猶氣運而生水也，故曰上善若水。二者皆自無而始成形，故其理同。道無所不在，無所不利，而水亦然；然而既已麗於形，則於道有間矣，故曰幾於道矣。然而可名之善，未有若此者也，故曰上善。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》", "textSimp": "《易》曰：一阴一阳之谓道，继之者善也，成之者性也。又曰：天以一生水。盖道运而为善，犹气运而生水也，故曰上善若水。二者皆自无而始成形，故其理同。道无所不在，无所不利，而水亦然；然而既已丽于形，则于道有间矣，故曰几于道矣。然而可名之善，未有若此者也，故曰上善。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》", "lemmaSimp": "上善若水" }, { "id": "c028", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "避高趨下，未嘗有所逆，善地也。空虛靜默，深不可測，善淵也。利澤萬物，施而不求報，善仁也。圓必旋，方必折，塞必止，決必流，善信也。洗滌群穢，平準高下，善治也。遇物賦形，而不留於一，善能也。冬凝春泮，涸溢不失節，善時也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》", "textSimp": "避高趋下，未尝有所逆，善地也。空虚静默，深不可测，善渊也。利泽万物，施而不求报，善仁也。圆必旋，方必折，塞必止，决必流，善信也。洗涤群秽，平准高下，善治也。遇物赋形，而不留于一，善能也。冬凝春泮，涸溢不失节，善时也。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c029", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "有善而不免於人非者，以其爭也；水惟不爭，故兼七善而無尤。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》", "textSimp": "有善而不免于人非者，以其争也；水惟不争，故兼七善而无尤。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c030", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "上善若水", "kind": "note", "text": "上善謂第一等至極之善，有道者之善也。其若水者何也？蓋水之善以其灌溉浣濯，有利萬物之功，而不爭處高潔，迺處眾人所惡卑汙之地，故幾於有道者之善；幾，近也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》", "textSimp": "上善谓第一等至极之善，有道者之善也。其若水者何也？盖水之善以其灌溉浣濯，有利万物之功，而不争处高洁，迺处众人所恶卑污之地，故几于有道者之善；几，近也。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》", "lemmaSimp": "上善若水" }, { "id": "c031", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "七善", "kind": "note", "text": "彼眾人所善，則居之善必得地，心之善必如淵（淵謂靜深），與之善必親仁（與謂伴侶，仁謂仁人），言之善必有信，政之善貴其治，事之善貴其能，動之善貴其時（時謂當其可）。七者之善，皆擇取眾人之所好者為善，可謂之善，而非上善也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》", "textSimp": "彼众人所善，则居之善必得地，心之善必如渊（渊谓静深），与之善必亲仁（与谓伴侣，仁谓仁人），言之善必有信，政之善贵其治，事之善贵其能，动之善贵其时（时谓当其可）。七者之善，皆择取众人之所好者为善，可谓之善，而非上善也。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》", "lemmaSimp": "七善" }, { "id": "c032", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫唯不爭，故無尤", "kind": "note", "text": "夫惟有道者之上善，不爭處上而甘於處下，有似於水，故人無尤之者。尤謂怨咎。眾人惡處下而好處上，欲上人者有爭心，有爭則有尤矣。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》", "textSimp": "夫惟有道者之上善，不争处上而甘于处下，有似于水，故人无尤之者。尤谓怨咎。众人恶处下而好处上，欲上人者有争心，有争则有尤矣。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》", "lemmaSimp": "夫唯不争，故无尤" }, { "id": "c033", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "第八章", "kind": "note", "text": "此言不爭之德，無往而不善也。上，最上。謂謙虛不爭之德最為上善，譬如水也，故曰上善若水。水之善，妙在利萬物而不爭。不爭，謂隨方就圓，無可不可，唯處於下。然世人皆好高而惡下，唯聖人處之，故曰處眾人之所惡，故幾於道。幾，近也。由聖人處謙下不爭之德，故無往而不善：居則止於至善，故曰善地；心則淵靜深默，無往而不定，故曰善淵；與，猶相與，謂與物相與，無往而非仁愛之心，故曰與善仁；言無不誠，故曰善信；為政不爭，則行其所無事，故曰善治；為事不爭，則事無不理，故曰善能；不爭，則用捨隨時，迫不得已而後動，故曰善時。不爭之德如此，則無人怨，無鬼責，故曰夫惟不爭，故無尤矣。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》", "textSimp": "此言不争之德，无往而不善也。上，最上。谓谦虚不争之德最为上善，譬如水也，故曰上善若水。水之善，妙在利万物而不争。不争，谓随方就圆，无可不可，唯处于下。然世人皆好高而恶下，唯圣人处之，故曰处众人之所恶，故几于道。几，近也。由圣人处谦下不争之德，故无往而不善：居则止于至善，故曰善地；心则渊静深默，无往而不定，故曰善渊；与，犹相与，谓与物相与，无往而非仁爱之心，故曰与善仁；言无不诚，故曰善信；为政不争，则行其所无事，故曰善治；为事不争，则事无不理，故曰善能；不争，则用舍随时，迫不得已而后动，故曰善时。不争之德如此，则无人怨，无鬼责，故曰夫惟不争，故无尤矣。", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》", "lemmaSimp": "第八章" }, { "id": "c034", "block": 0, "source": "weiyuan", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "第八章", "kind": "note", "text": "李氏贄曰：凡利物之謂善，而利物者又不能不爭，非上善也。惟水不然：眾人處上，彼獨處下；眾人處易，彼獨處險；眾人處潔，彼獨處穢。所處盡眾人之所惡，夫誰與之爭乎？此所以為上善也。居善地以下，則言聖人利物而不爭之實，非仍指水也。呂氏惠卿曰：江海所以能為百谷王者，以其善下之，所謂居善地也。七者皆出於不爭，而要以處善地為本；蓋居善地則能處眾人之所惡，故不爭而天下莫能與爭矣。吳氏澄曰：所舉居善地以下數事，皆擇取眾人之所善者以為善，非上善也。惟有此善而能不爭，如水之源處上而甘處於下，乃上善也。眾人惡處下則必好處上，欲上人者有爭心，有爭則有尤矣；不爭則何尤之有？蘇氏轍曰：一陰一陽之謂道，繼之者善也。天一生水，道運而為善，猶氣運而為水也。二者皆自無而之有，去道未遠，故可名之善，未有上於此者焉。道無所不在，水無所不利：避高趨下，未嘗有所逆，善地也；空處湛靜，深不可測，善淵也；挹而不竭，施不求報，善仁也；圓必旋，方必折，塞必止，決必流，善信也；洗滌群穢，平準高下，善治也；以載則浮，以鑒則清，以攻則堅強莫能敵，善能也；不舍晝夜，盈科後進，善時也。夫有不善而未免人非者，以其爭也；水惟兼此七善而不爭，故無尤矣。源案：居善地以下諸解，或以水或以人皆可通；惟即以此數者為上善，則不若以不爭為上善之說之得焉耳。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "李氏贽曰：凡利物之谓善，而利物者又不能不争，非上善也。惟水不然：众人处上，彼独处下；众人处易，彼独处险；众人处洁，彼独处秽。所处尽众人之所恶，夫谁与之争乎？此所以为上善也。居善地以下，则言圣人利物而不争之实，非仍指水也。吕氏惠卿曰：江海所以能为百谷王者，以其善下之，所谓居善地也。七者皆出于不争，而要以处善地为本；盖居善地则能处众人之所恶，故不争而天下莫能与争矣。吴氏澄曰：所举居善地以下数事，皆择取众人之所善者以为善，非上善也。惟有此善而能不争，如水之源处上而甘处于下，乃上善也。众人恶处下则必好处上，欲上人者有争心，有争则有尤矣；不争则何尤之有？苏氏辙曰：一阴一阳之谓道，继之者善也。天一生水，道运而为善，犹气运而为水也。二者皆自无而之有，去道未远，故可名之善，未有上于此者焉。道无所不在，水无所不利：避高趋下，未尝有所逆，善地也；空处湛静，深不可测，善渊也；挹而不竭，施不求报，善仁也；圆必旋，方必折，塞必止，决必流，善信也；洗涤群秽，平准高下，善治也；以载则浮，以鉴则清，以攻则坚强莫能敌，善能也；不舍昼夜，盈科后进，善时也。夫有不善而未免人非者，以其争也；水惟兼此七善而不争，故无尤矣。源案：居善地以下诸解，或以水或以人皆可通；惟即以此数者为上善，则不若以不争为上善之说之得焉耳。", "citationFull": "魏源《老子本義》", "citationSimp": "魏源《老子本义》", "lemmaSimp": "第八章" }, { "id": "c035", "block": 0, "source": "wangfuzhi", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "第八章", "kind": "evaluation", "text": "五行之體，水為最微。善居道者，為其微，不為其著；處眾之後，而常得眾之先。何也？眾人方惡之，而不知其早至也。逆計其不爭而徐收之，無損而物何爭？而我何尤？使眾人能知其所惡者之為善，亦將群爭之矣。然而情之所必不然也，故聖人擅利。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "五行之体，水为最微。善居道者，为其微，不为其着；处众之后，而常得众之先。何也？众人方恶之，而不知其早至也。逆计其不争而徐收之，无损而物何争？而我何尤？使众人能知其所恶者之为善，亦将群争之矣。然而情之所必不然也，故圣人擅利。", "citationFull": "王夫之《老子衍》", "citationSimp": "王夫之《老子衍》", "lemmaSimp": "第八章" } ], "charNotes": [ { "id": "n001", "sentenceId": "s001", "start": 0, "end": 2, "char": "上善", "charSimp": "上善", "startSimp": 0, "endSimp": 2, "pinyin": "shàng shàn", "gloss": "最上等的善，指合於道、不著善跡的善。", "glossSimp": "最上等的善，指合于道、不着善迹的善。", "general": "河上公注：「上善之人，如水之性。」吳澄注：「上善謂第一等至極之善，有道者之善也。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「上善之人，如水之性。」吴澄注：「上善谓第一等至极之善，有道者之善也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "吳澄注" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "吴澄注" ] }, { "id": "n002", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 6, "end": 8, "char": "不爭", "charSimp": "不争", "startSimp": 6, "endSimp": 8, "pinyin": "bù zhēng", "gloss": "不與萬物爭功爭利。", "glossSimp": "不与万物争功争利。", "general": "河上公注：「水獨靜流居之。」成玄英疏：「水性柔和，不與物爭，方圓任器，壅決隨人。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「水独静流居之。」成玄英疏：「水性柔和，不与物争，方圆任器，壅决随人。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "成玄英疏" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "成玄英疏" ] }, { "id": "n003", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 17, "end": 20, "char": "幾於道", "charSimp": "几于道", "startSimp": 17, "endSimp": 20, "pinyin": "jī yú dào", "gloss": "接近於道；幾，近也。", "glossSimp": "接近于道；几，近也。", "general": "王弼注：「道無水有，故曰幾也。」唐玄宗御注：「幾，近也。」", "generalSimp": "王弼注：「道无水有，故曰几也。」唐玄宗御注：「几，近也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "王弼注", "御注" ], "refsSimp": [ "王弼注", "御注" ] }, { "id": "n004", "sentenceId": "s003", "start": 0, "end": 3, "char": "居善地", "charSimp": "居善地", "startSimp": 0, "endSimp": 3, "pinyin": "jū shàn dì", "gloss": "居處善於選擇卑下之地。", "glossSimp": "居处善于选择卑下之地。", "general": "河上公注：「水性善喜於地，在草木之上，即流而下。」蘇轍解：「避高趨下，未嘗有所逆，善地也。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「水性善喜于地，在草木之上，即流而下。」苏辙解：「避高趋下，未尝有所逆，善地也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "蘇轍解" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "苏辙解" ] }, { "id": "n005", "sentenceId": "s003", "start": 4, "end": 7, "char": "心善淵", "charSimp": "心善渊", "startSimp": 4, "endSimp": 7, "pinyin": "xīn shàn yuān", "gloss": "心境善於保持深沉靜默。", "glossSimp": "心境善于保持深沉静默。", "general": "河上公注：「水心空虛，淵深清明。」蘇轍解：「空虛靜默，深不可測，善淵也。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「水心空虚，渊深清明。」苏辙解：「空虚静默，深不可测，善渊也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "蘇轍解" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "苏辙解" ] }, { "id": "n006", "sentenceId": "s003", "start": 16, "end": 19, "char": "正善治", "charSimp": "正善治", "startSimp": 16, "endSimp": 19, "pinyin": "zhèng shàn zhì", "gloss": "為政善於治理；正，通「政」。", "glossSimp": "为政善于治理；正，通「政」。", "general": "王弼注：「言人皆應於治道也。」御疏：「政，正也……正則理，非善而何？」", "generalSimp": "王弼注：「言人皆应于治道也。」御疏：「政，正也……正则理，非善而何？」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "王弼注", "御疏" ], "refsSimp": [ "王弼注", "御疏" ] }, { "id": "n007", "sentenceId": "s004", "start": 6, "end": 8, "char": "無尤", "charSimp": "无尤", "startSimp": 6, "endSimp": 8, "pinyin": "wú yóu", "gloss": "沒有過失、怨咎；尤，過也。", "glossSimp": "没有过失、怨咎；尤，过也。", "general": "御疏：「尤，過也……故無尤過之地矣。」吳澄注：「尤謂怨咎。」", "generalSimp": "御疏：「尤，过也……故无尤过之地矣。」吴澄注：「尤谓怨咎。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "御疏", "吳澄注" ], "refsSimp": [ "御疏", "吴澄注" ] } ], "glossary": { "上善": "最上等的善，指合於道、不著善跡的善。", "不爭": "不與萬物爭功爭利。", "幾於道": "接近於道；幾，近也。", "七善": "居善地、心善淵、與善仁、言善信、正善治、事善能、動善時七者。", "無尤": "沒有過失、怨咎；尤，過也。" }, "collations": [ { "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "正善治", "text": "王弼本作「正善治」，「正」通「政」；河上公、唐玄宗御注御疏、蘇轍、吳澄、憨山、魏源、王夫之諸本作「政善治」。正文從王弼本。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "王弼本作「正善治」，「正」通「政」；河上公、唐玄宗御注御疏、苏辙、吴澄、憨山、魏源、王夫之诸本作「政善治」。正文从王弼本。", "headwordSimp": "正善治", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k001" }, { "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "與善仁", "text": "河上公本作「與善人」，王弼本作「與善仁」。正文從王弼本。", "source": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、王弼《老子道德經注》", "textSimp": "河上公本作「与善人」，王弼本作「与善仁」。正文从王弼本。", "headwordSimp": "与善仁", "sourceSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、王弼《老子道德经注》", "id": "k002" }, { "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "故幾於道", "text": "傅奕本、蘇轍、憨山、王夫之引作「故幾於道矣」，王弼本無「矣」字。正文從王弼本。", "source": "傅奕《道德經古本篇》、蘇轍《老子解》、釋德清《道德經解》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "傅奕本、苏辙、憨山、王夫之引作「故几于道矣」，王弼本无「矣」字。正文从王弼本。", "headwordSimp": "故几于道", "sourceSimp": "傅奕《道德经古本篇》、苏辙《老子解》、释德清《道德经解》、王夫之《老子衍》", "id": "k003" }, { "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "處眾人之所惡", "text": "河上公、王弼本作「處」，傅奕本作「居」；魏源所見諸本亦作「處」。正文從底本。", "source": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、王弼《老子道德經注》、傅奕《道德經古本篇》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "河上公、王弼本作「处」，傅奕本作「居」；魏源所见诸本亦作「处」。正文从底本。", "headwordSimp": "处众人之所恶", "sourceSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、王弼《老子道德经注》、傅奕《道德经古本篇》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k004" }, { "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "王弼注錯簡", "text": "數字底本「言人皆應於治道也」緊接「故無尤」下，據王弼注文義及通行本，當屬「動善時」句注；今移屬七善句。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》", "textSimp": "数字底本「言人皆应于治道也」紧接「故无尤」下，据王弼注文义及通行本，当属「动善时」句注；今移属七善句。", "headwordSimp": "王弼注错简", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》", "id": "k005" }, { "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "章次", "text": "河上公題「易性第八」，唐玄宗題「上善若水章第八」；吳澄、魏源因合「谷神不死」於上章，本章在其本題為第七章。本站從通行分章。", "source": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、吳澄《道德真經注》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "河上公题「易性第八」，唐玄宗题「上善若水章第八」；吴澄、魏源因合「谷神不死」于上章，本章在其本题为第七章。本站从通行分章。", "headwordSimp": "章次", "sourceSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、吴澄《道德真经注》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k006" } ], "glossarySimp": { "上善": "最上等的善，指合于道、不着善迹的善。", "不争": "不与万物争功争利。", "几于道": "接近于道；几，近也。", "七善": "居善地、心善渊、与善仁、言善信、正善治、事善能、动善时七者。", "无尤": "没有过失、怨咎；尤，过也。" }, "lexicon": { "note": "由构建脚本从字词注与常用字表生成，供义位词典和开放数据集使用；occurrence 统计按繁体与简体正文分别匹配后合并。", "entries": [ { "order": 1, "id": "n001", "noteId": "n001", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "上善", "headwordSimp": "上善", "pinyin": "shàng shàn", "gloss": "最上等的善，指合於道、不著善跡的善。", "glossSimp": "最上等的善，指合于道、不着善迹的善。", "general": "河上公注：「上善之人，如水之性。」吳澄注：「上善謂第一等至極之善，有道者之善也。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「上善之人，如水之性。」吴澄注：「上善谓第一等至极之善，有道者之善也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "吳澄注" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "吴澄注" ], "forms": [ { "form": "上善", "formSimp": "上善", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 2, "id": "n002", "noteId": "n002", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "不爭", "headwordSimp": "不争", "pinyin": "bù zhēng", "gloss": "不與萬物爭功爭利。", "glossSimp": "不与万物争功争利。", "general": "河上公注：「水獨靜流居之。」成玄英疏：「水性柔和，不與物爭，方圓任器，壅決隨人。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「水独静流居之。」成玄英疏：「水性柔和，不与物争，方圆任器，壅决随人。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "成玄英疏" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "成玄英疏" ], "forms": [ { "form": "不爭", "formSimp": "不争", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s002", "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002", "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 3, "id": "n003", "noteId": "n003", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "幾於道", "headwordSimp": "几于道", "pinyin": "jī yú dào", "gloss": "接近於道；幾，近也。", "glossSimp": "接近于道；几，近也。", "general": "王弼注：「道無水有，故曰幾也。」唐玄宗御注：「幾，近也。」", "generalSimp": "王弼注：「道无水有，故曰几也。」唐玄宗御注：「几，近也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "王弼注", "御注" ], "refsSimp": [ "王弼注", "御注" ], "forms": [ { "form": "幾於道", "formSimp": "几于道", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 4, "id": "n004", "noteId": "n004", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "居善地", "headwordSimp": "居善地", "pinyin": "jū shàn dì", "gloss": "居處善於選擇卑下之地。", "glossSimp": "居处善于选择卑下之地。", "general": "河上公注：「水性善喜於地，在草木之上，即流而下。」蘇轍解：「避高趨下，未嘗有所逆，善地也。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「水性善喜于地，在草木之上，即流而下。」苏辙解：「避高趋下，未尝有所逆，善地也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "蘇轍解" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "苏辙解" ], "forms": [ { "form": "居善地", "formSimp": "居善地", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s003" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 5, "id": "n005", "noteId": "n005", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "心善淵", "headwordSimp": "心善渊", "pinyin": "xīn shàn yuān", "gloss": "心境善於保持深沉靜默。", "glossSimp": "心境善于保持深沉静默。", "general": "河上公注：「水心空虛，淵深清明。」蘇轍解：「空虛靜默，深不可測，善淵也。」", "generalSimp": "河上公注：「水心空虚，渊深清明。」苏辙解：「空虚静默，深不可测，善渊也。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "河上公注", "蘇轍解" ], "refsSimp": [ "河上公注", "苏辙解" ], "forms": [ { "form": "心善淵", "formSimp": "心善渊", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s003" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 6, "id": "n006", "noteId": "n006", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "正善治", "headwordSimp": "正善治", "pinyin": "zhèng shàn zhì", "gloss": "為政善於治理；正，通「政」。", "glossSimp": "为政善于治理；正，通「政」。", "general": "王弼注：「言人皆應於治道也。」御疏：「政，正也……正則理，非善而何？」", "generalSimp": "王弼注：「言人皆应于治道也。」御疏：「政，正也……正则理，非善而何？」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "王弼注", "御疏" ], "refsSimp": [ "王弼注", "御疏" ], "forms": [ { "form": "正善治", "formSimp": "正善治", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s003" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 7, "id": "n007", "noteId": "n007", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "無尤", "headwordSimp": "无尤", "pinyin": "wú yóu", "gloss": "沒有過失、怨咎；尤，過也。", "glossSimp": "没有过失、怨咎；尤，过也。", "general": "御疏：「尤，過也……故無尤過之地矣。」吳澄注：「尤謂怨咎。」", "generalSimp": "御疏：「尤，过也……故无尤过之地矣。」吴澄注：「尤谓怨咎。」", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "御疏", "吳澄注" ], "refsSimp": [ "御疏", "吴澄注" ], "forms": [ { "form": "無尤", "formSimp": "无尤", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 } ], "glossaryEntries": [ { "order": 8, "id": "g001", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "上善", "headwordSimp": "上善", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "最上等的善，指合於道、不著善跡的善。", "glossSimp": "最上等的善，指合于道、不着善迹的善。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "上善", "formSimp": "上善", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 9, "id": "g002", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "不爭", "headwordSimp": "不争", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "不與萬物爭功爭利。", "glossSimp": "不与万物争功争利。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "不爭", "formSimp": "不争", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s002", "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002", "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 10, "id": "g003", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "幾於道", "headwordSimp": "几于道", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "接近於道；幾，近也。", "glossSimp": "接近于道；几，近也。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "幾於道", "formSimp": "几于道", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 11, "id": "g004", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "七善", "headwordSimp": "七善", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "居善地、心善淵、與善仁、言善信、正善治、事善能、動善時七者。", "glossSimp": "居善地、心善渊、与善仁、言善信、正善治、事善能、动善时七者。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "七善", "formSimp": "七善", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 12, "id": "g005", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "無尤", "headwordSimp": "无尤", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "沒有過失、怨咎；尤，過也。", "glossSimp": "没有过失、怨咎；尤，过也。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "無尤", "formSimp": "无尤", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 } ] }, "relations": { "version": "1.0.0", "note": "第八章四組觀念的十三家對照。河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗三家四組皆備；嚴遵僅「不爭無尤」一組有專文，王弼於「不爭無尤」無專注，故四組各十二家。", "concepts": [ { "id": "shangshanshuishui", "name": "上善若水", "nameTrad": "上善若水", "question": "何以水喻上善？「上善」指什麼？", "questionTrad": "何以水喻上善？「上善」指什麼？", "intro": "開篇以水喻上善，是本章的總綱。河上公謂上善之人如水之性；王弼無專注，然以「道無水有」釋幾於道；成玄英以水有二種、一執二忘，忘善故稱為上；唐玄宗以舉水性幾道之喻，明至人上善之功；李榮以理本深遠，借水為喻；陸希聲以從道之人無所不善，故謂之上善；呂惠卿以上善為道之所謂善，非天下皆知善之為善；蘇轍以道運而為善、氣運而生水，二者皆自無而始成形；吳澄以第一等至極之善即有道者之善；憨山以謙虛不爭之德最為上善；魏源引李贄，以利物而不爭為上善；王夫之以水為五行最微，善居道者為其微不為其著。嚴遵無專文。諸家或以性言，或以善言，或以氣言，正可見「上善」一語的開放。", "introTrad": "開篇以水喻上善，是本章的總綱。河上公謂上善之人如水之性；王弼無專注，然以「道無水有」釋幾於道；成玄英以水有二種、一執二忘，忘善故稱為上；唐玄宗以舉水性幾道之喻，明至人上善之功；李榮以理本深遠，借水為喻；陸希聲以從道之人無所不善，故謂之上善；呂惠卿以上善為道之所謂善，非天下皆知善之為善；蘇轍以道運而為善、氣運而生水，二者皆自無而始成形；吳澄以第一等至極之善即有道者之善；憨山以謙虛不爭之德最為上善；魏源引李贄，以利物而不爭為上善；王夫之以水為五行最微，善居道者為其微不為其著。嚴遵無專文。諸家或以性言，或以善言，或以氣言，正可見「上善」一語的開放。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "上善之人，如水之性。", "thesisTrad": "上善之人，如水之性。", "noteIds": [ "c001" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "上善之人，如水之性。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "道無水有，故曰幾；水與道相近，故舉水為喻。", "thesisTrad": "道無水有，故曰幾；水與道相近，故舉水為喻。", "noteIds": [ "c007" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "道无水有，故曰几；水与道相近，故举水为喻。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "水有二種，一執二忘；忘善故稱為上。", "thesisTrad": "水有二種，一執二忘；忘善故稱為上。", "noteIds": [ "c009" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "水有二种，一执二忘；忘善故称为上。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "舉水性幾道之喻，以明至人上善之功；忘善而善，是善之上。", "thesisTrad": "舉水性幾道之喻，以明至人上善之功；忘善而善，是善之上。", "noteIds": [ "c013", "c017" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "举水性几道之喻，以明至人上善之功；忘善而善，是善之上。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "理本深遠，借水為喻；水能潤物，道能濟人。", "thesisTrad": "理本深遠，借水為喻；水能潤物，道能濟人。", "noteIds": [ "c022" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "理本深远，借水为喻；水能润物，道能济人。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "從道之人無所不善，故謂之上善；水常處汙下，近於道。", "thesisTrad": "從道之人無所不善，故謂之上善；水常處汙下，近於道。", "noteIds": [ "c025" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "从道之人无所不善，故谓之上善；水常处污下，近于道。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "上善者，道之所謂善，非天下皆知善之為善；故若水。", "thesisTrad": "上善者，道之所謂善，非天下皆知善之為善；故若水。", "noteIds": [ "c026" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "上善者，道之所谓善，非天下皆知善之为善；故若水。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "道運而為善，猶氣運而生水；二者皆自無而始成形，故曰上善若水。", "thesisTrad": "道運而為善，猶氣運而生水；二者皆自無而始成形，故曰上善若水。", "noteIds": [ "c027" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "道运而为善，犹气运而生水；二者皆自无而始成形，故曰上善若水。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "上善謂第一等至極之善，有道者之善；水不爭處高潔而處卑汙，故幾於道。", "thesisTrad": "上善謂第一等至極之善，有道者之善；水不爭處高潔而處卑汙，故幾於道。", "noteIds": [ "c030" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "上善谓第一等至极之善，有道者之善；水不争处高洁而处卑污，故几于道。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "謙虛不爭之德最為上善，譬如水也。", "thesisTrad": "謙虛不爭之德最為上善，譬如水也。", "noteIds": [ "c033" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "谦虚不争之德最为上善，譬如水也。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "利物而不爭，故為上善；七善乃聖人利物不爭之實。", "thesisTrad": "利物而不爭，故為上善；七善乃聖人利物不爭之實。", "noteIds": [ "c034" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "利物而不争，故为上善；七善乃圣人利物不争之实。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "水為五行最微；善居道者為其微不為其著。", "thesisTrad": "水為五行最微；善居道者為其微不為其著。", "noteIds": [ "c035" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "水为五行最微；善居道者为其微不为其着。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c001", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以上善之人如水之性立說。", "textTrad": "河上公以上善之人如水之性立說。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以上善之人如水之性立说。" }, { "noteId": "c007", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以道無水有、故曰幾，說明水之近道。", "textTrad": "王弼以道無水有、故曰幾，說明水之近道。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以道无水有、故曰几，说明水之近道。" }, { "noteId": "c009", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以忘善釋上，以水之二種釋喻。", "textTrad": "成玄英以忘善釋上，以水之二種釋喻。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以忘善释上，以水之二种释喻。" }, { "noteId": "c013", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以舉水性幾道之喻，明至人上善之功。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以舉水性幾道之喻，明至人上善之功。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以举水性几道之喻，明至人上善之功。" }, { "noteId": "c017", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以忘善而善、是善之上申說。", "textTrad": "御疏以忘善而善、是善之上申說。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以忘善而善、是善之上申说。" }, { "noteId": "c022", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以理本深遠、借水為喻。", "textTrad": "李榮以理本深遠、借水為喻。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以理本深远、借水为喻。" }, { "noteId": "c025", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以從道之人無所不善，故謂之上善。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以從道之人無所不善，故謂之上善。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以从道之人无所不善，故谓之上善。" }, { "noteId": "c026", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以上善為道之所謂善，非天下皆知善之為善。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以上善為道之所謂善，非天下皆知善之為善。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以上善为道之所谓善，非天下皆知善之为善。" }, { "noteId": "c027", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以道運為善、氣運生水，二者皆自無而始成形。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以道運為善、氣運生水，二者皆自無而始成形。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以道运为善、气运生水，二者皆自无而始成形。" }, { "noteId": "c030", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以第一等至極之善、有道者之善釋上善。", "textTrad": "吳澄以第一等至極之善、有道者之善釋上善。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以第一等至极之善、有道者之善释上善。" }, { "noteId": "c033", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以謙虛不爭之德最為上善。", "textTrad": "憨山以謙虛不爭之德最為上善。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以谦虚不争之德最为上善。" }, { "noteId": "c034", "relation": "本義", "relationTrad": "本義", "text": "魏源引李贄，以利物而不爭為上善。", "textTrad": "魏源引李贄，以利物而不爭為上善。", "relationSimp": "本义", "textSimp": "魏源引李贽，以利物而不争为上善。" }, { "noteId": "c035", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以水為五行最微，善居道者為其微不為其著。", "textTrad": "王夫之以水為五行最微，善居道者為其微不為其著。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以水为五行最微，善居道者为其微不为其着。" } ], "nameSimp": "上善若水", "questionSimp": "何以水喻上善？「上善」指什么？", "introSimp": "开篇以水喻上善，是本章的总纲。河上公谓上善之人如水之性；王弼无专注，然以「道无水有」释几于道；成玄英以水有二种、一执二忘，忘善故称为上；唐玄宗以举水性几道之喻，明至人上善之功；李荣以理本深远，借水为喻；陆希声以从道之人无所不善，故谓之上善；吕惠卿以上善为道之所谓善，非天下皆知善之为善；苏辙以道运而为善、气运而生水，二者皆自无而始成形；吴澄以第一等至极之善即有道者之善；憨山以谦虚不争之德最为上善；魏源引李贽，以利物而不争为上善；王夫之以水为五行最微，善居道者为其微不为其着。严遵无专文。诸家或以性言，或以善言，或以气言，正可见「上善」一语的开放。" }, { "id": "shuishanliwu", "name": "水善利萬物而不爭", "nameTrad": "水善利萬物而不爭", "question": "水之「三能」如何體現道？", "questionTrad": "水之「三能」如何體現道？", "intro": "此句以水之利、不爭、處惡三能說「幾於道」。河上公分疏水在天為霧露、在地為泉源，又謂眾人惡卑濕垢濁而水獨居之，故水性幾與道同；王弼以人惡卑、水處之，道無水有，故曰幾；成玄英以三能況聖德，聖德應感、方便開化；唐玄宗御注以幾近也，御疏以利物、柔弱、含垢三能為說；李榮以水能潤物、壅決任人、流趣下，分別況道之濟人、大順、謙退；陸希聲以水常處汙下、不與物爭，故萬物莫不得其利；呂惠卿以水善利萬物而不爭、處眾人之所惡，上善亦然；蘇轍以水麗於形則於道有間，故曰幾；吳澄以灌溉浣濯有利萬物之功，而不爭處高潔；憨山以水之善妙在利萬物而不爭；魏源引李贄，以利物者不能不爭、惟水不然；王夫之以水處眾之後而常得眾之先。嚴遵無專文。", "introTrad": "此句以水之利、不爭、處惡三能說「幾於道」。河上公分疏水在天為霧露、在地為泉源，又謂眾人惡卑濕垢濁而水獨居之，故水性幾與道同；王弼以人惡卑、水處之，道無水有，故曰幾；成玄英以三能況聖德，聖德應感、方便開化；唐玄宗御注以幾近也，御疏以利物、柔弱、含垢三能為說；李榮以水能潤物、壅決任人、流趣下，分別況道之濟人、大順、謙退；陸希聲以水常處汙下、不與物爭，故萬物莫不得其利；呂惠卿以水善利萬物而不爭、處眾人之所惡，上善亦然；蘇轍以水麗於形則於道有間，故曰幾；吳澄以灌溉浣濯有利萬物之功，而不爭處高潔；憨山以水之善妙在利萬物而不爭；魏源引李贄，以利物者不能不爭、惟水不然；王夫之以水處眾之後而常得眾之先。嚴遵無專文。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "水在天為霧露，在地為泉源；惡卑濕垢濁而獨居之，故水性幾與道同。", "thesisTrad": "水在天為霧露，在地為泉源；惡卑濕垢濁而獨居之，故水性幾與道同。", "noteIds": [ "c002", "c003", "c004" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "水在天为雾露，在地为泉源；恶卑湿垢浊而独居之，故水性几与道同。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "人惡卑，水處之；道無水有，故曰幾。", "thesisTrad": "人惡卑，水處之；道無水有，故曰幾。", "noteIds": [ "c007" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "人恶卑，水处之；道无水有，故曰几。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "水之三能（利、不爭、處惡）況聖德之應感開化。", "thesisTrad": "水之三能（利、不爭、處惡）況聖德之應感開化。", "noteIds": [ "c010" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "水之三能（利、不争、处恶）况圣德之应感开化。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "幾，近也；利物、不爭、處惡為水性三能，唯至人一貫。", "thesisTrad": "幾，近也；利物、不爭、處惡為水性三能，唯至人一貫。", "noteIds": [ "c014", "c018" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "几，近也；利物、不争、处恶为水性三能，唯至人一贯。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "水能潤物、壅決任人、流趣下，故言善利、不爭、處惡。", "thesisTrad": "水能潤物、壅決任人、流趣下，故言善利、不爭、處惡。", "noteIds": [ "c022" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "水能润物、壅决任人、流趣下，故言善利、不争、处恶。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "水常處汙下，不與物爭，故萬物莫不得其利，蓋近於道。", "thesisTrad": "水常處汙下，不與物爭，故萬物莫不得其利，蓋近於道。", "noteIds": [ "c025" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "水常处污下，不与物争，故万物莫不得其利，盖近于道。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "水善利萬物而不爭、處眾人之所惡，上善亦然，故近於道。", "thesisTrad": "水善利萬物而不爭、處眾人之所惡，上善亦然，故近於道。", "noteIds": [ "c026" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "水善利万物而不争、处众人之所恶，上善亦然，故近于道。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "水已麗於形，則於道有間，故曰幾於道。", "thesisTrad": "水已麗於形，則於道有間，故曰幾於道。", "noteIds": [ "c027" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "水已丽于形，则于道有间，故曰几于道。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "水有灌溉浣濯、利萬物之功，而不爭處高潔，故幾於道。", "thesisTrad": "水有灌溉浣濯、利萬物之功，而不爭處高潔，故幾於道。", "noteIds": [ "c030" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "水有灌溉浣濯、利万物之功，而不争处高洁，故几于道。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "水之善妙在利萬物而不爭，唯處於下。", "thesisTrad": "水之善妙在利萬物而不爭，唯處於下。", "noteIds": [ "c033" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "水之善妙在利万物而不争，唯处于下。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "利物者不能不爭，惟水不然，所處盡眾人之所惡，故為上善。", "thesisTrad": "利物者不能不爭，惟水不然，所處盡眾人之所惡，故為上善。", "noteIds": [ "c034" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "利物者不能不争，惟水不然，所处尽众人之所恶，故为上善。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "水處眾之後而常得眾之先，眾人方惡之而不知其早至。", "thesisTrad": "水處眾之後而常得眾之先，眾人方惡之而不知其早至。", "noteIds": [ "c035" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "水处众之后而常得众之先，众人方恶之而不知其早至。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c002", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以水在天為霧露、在地為泉源，明其利萬物。", "textTrad": "河上公以水在天為霧露、在地為泉源，明其利萬物。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以水在天为雾露、在地为泉源，明其利万物。" }, { "noteId": "c003", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "河上公以眾人惡卑濕垢濁、水獨居之，明其處惡。", "textTrad": "河上公以眾人惡卑濕垢濁、水獨居之，明其處惡。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "河上公以众人恶卑湿垢浊、水独居之，明其处恶。" }, { "noteId": "c004", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "河上公以水性幾與道同，明其近道。", "textTrad": "河上公以水性幾與道同，明其近道。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "河上公以水性几与道同，明其近道。" }, { "noteId": "c007", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以道無水有，故曰幾。", "textTrad": "王弼以道無水有，故曰幾。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以道无水有，故曰几。" }, { "noteId": "c010", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以三能況聖德之應感開化。", "textTrad": "成玄英以三能況聖德之應感開化。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以三能况圣德之应感开化。" }, { "noteId": "c014", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗御注以幾為近。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗御注以幾為近。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗御注以几为近。" }, { "noteId": "c018", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以利物、柔弱、含垢為水性三能。", "textTrad": "御疏以利物、柔弱、含垢為水性三能。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以利物、柔弱、含垢为水性三能。" }, { "noteId": "c022", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以水能潤物、壅決任人、流趣下，分況道之濟人、大順、謙退。", "textTrad": "李榮以水能潤物、壅決任人、流趣下，分況道之濟人、大順、謙退。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以水能润物、壅决任人、流趣下，分况道之济人、大顺、谦退。" }, { "noteId": "c025", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以水常處汙下、不與物爭，故萬物莫不得其利。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以水常處汙下、不與物爭，故萬物莫不得其利。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以水常处污下、不与物争，故万物莫不得其利。" }, { "noteId": "c026", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以水之利、不爭、處惡與上善相應。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以水之利、不爭、處惡與上善相應。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以水之利、不争、处恶与上善相应。" }, { "noteId": "c027", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以水麗於形而於道有間，故曰幾。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以水麗於形而於道有間，故曰幾。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以水丽于形而于道有间，故曰几。" }, { "noteId": "c030", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以灌溉浣濯之功與不爭處下，明其幾於道。", "textTrad": "吳澄以灌溉浣濯之功與不爭處下，明其幾於道。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以灌溉浣濯之功与不争处下，明其几于道。" }, { "noteId": "c033", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以水之善妙在利萬物而不爭。", "textTrad": "憨山以水之善妙在利萬物而不爭。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以水之善妙在利万物而不争。" }, { "noteId": "c034", "relation": "本義", "relationTrad": "本義", "text": "魏源引李贄，以利物而不爭為上善。", "textTrad": "魏源引李贄，以利物而不爭為上善。", "relationSimp": "本义", "textSimp": "魏源引李贽，以利物而不争为上善。" }, { "noteId": "c035", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以水處眾之後而常得眾之先。", "textTrad": "王夫之以水處眾之後而常得眾之先。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以水处众之后而常得众之先。" } ], "nameSimp": "水善利万物而不争", "questionSimp": "水之「三能」如何体现道？", "introSimp": "此句以水之利、不争、处恶三能说「几于道」。河上公分疏水在天为雾露、在地为泉源，又谓众人恶卑湿垢浊而水独居之，故水性几与道同；王弼以人恶卑、水处之，道无水有，故曰几；成玄英以三能况圣德，圣德应感、方便开化；唐玄宗御注以几近也，御疏以利物、柔弱、含垢三能为说；李荣以水能润物、壅决任人、流趣下，分别况道之济人、大顺、谦退；陆希声以水常处污下、不与物争，故万物莫不得其利；吕惠卿以水善利万物而不争、处众人之所恶，上善亦然；苏辙以水丽于形则于道有间，故曰几；吴澄以灌溉浣濯有利万物之功，而不争处高洁；憨山以水之善妙在利万物而不争；魏源引李贽，以利物者不能不争、惟水不然；王夫之以水处众之后而常得众之先。严遵无专文。" }, { "id": "qishan", "name": "居善地與七善", "nameTrad": "居善地與七善", "question": "七善是水德，還是聖人之德？是否即是「上善」？", "questionTrad": "七善是水德，還是聖人之德？是否即是「上善」？", "intro": "七善一組，諸家分疏最細。河上公逐句以水性釋之，以為上善之人所具；王弼總以「言人皆應於治道也」；成玄英逐句以水性況聖心；唐玄宗御注御疏逐句以水喻至人；李榮逐句以水與人對舉；陸希聲以七者皆水德，為上善之人所具；呂惠卿以江海善下、淵、仁、信、治、能、時逐一說；蘇轍以七善皆水德；吳澄則謂七者皆擇取眾人之所好，可謂之善而非上善；憨山以不爭之德無往不善；魏源引諸家而謂七善或以水或以人皆可通，惟以不爭為上善之說為得；王夫之以「不著其善，故善」。嚴遵無專文。", "introTrad": "七善一組，諸家分疏最細。河上公逐句以水性釋之，以為上善之人所具；王弼總以「言人皆應於治道也」；成玄英逐句以水性況聖心；唐玄宗御注御疏逐句以水喻至人；李榮逐句以水與人對舉；陸希聲以七者皆水德，為上善之人所具；呂惠卿以江海善下、淵、仁、信、治、能、時逐一說；蘇轍以七善皆水德；吳澄則謂七者皆擇取眾人之所好，可謂之善而非上善；憨山以不爭之德無往不善；魏源引諸家而謂七善或以水或以人皆可通，惟以不爭為上善之說為得；王夫之以「不著其善，故善」。嚴遵無專文。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "逐句以水性釋七善，皆上善之人所具。", "thesisTrad": "逐句以水性釋七善，皆上善之人所具。", "noteIds": [ "c005" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "逐句以水性释七善，皆上善之人所具。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "七善總言人皆應於治道。", "thesisTrad": "七善總言人皆應於治道。", "noteIds": [ "c008" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "七善总言人皆应于治道。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "逐句以水性況聖心，歸於虛靜應物。", "thesisTrad": "逐句以水性況聖心，歸於虛靜應物。", "noteIds": [ "c011" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "逐句以水性况圣心，归于虚静应物。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "七善皆以水喻至人：柔弱、深靜、至仁、信實、善治、因任、應時。", "thesisTrad": "七善皆以水喻至人：柔弱、深靜、至仁、信實、善治、因任、應時。", "noteIds": [ "c015", "c019" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "七善皆以水喻至人：柔弱、深静、至仁、信实、善治、因任、应时。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "逐句以水與人對舉：水不擇地、心靜而明、洽物惠俗、影物不欺、停水平正、無用不成、冬凝夏液。", "thesisTrad": "逐句以水與人對舉：水不擇地、心靜而明、洽物惠俗、影物不欺、停水平正、無用不成、冬凝夏液。", "noteIds": [ "c023" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "逐句以水与人对举：水不择地、心静而明、洽物惠俗、影物不欺、停水平正、无用不成、冬凝夏液。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "七者皆水德，上善之人若此。", "thesisTrad": "七者皆水德，上善之人若此。", "noteIds": [ "c025" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "七者皆水德，上善之人若此。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "江海善下為善地，淵、仁、信、治、能、時皆水德。", "thesisTrad": "江海善下為善地，淵、仁、信、治、能、時皆水德。", "noteIds": [ "c026" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "江海善下为善地，渊、仁、信、治、能、时皆水德。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "避高趨下、空虛靜默、利澤萬物等，皆水之七善。", "thesisTrad": "避高趨下、空虛靜默、利澤萬物等，皆水之七善。", "noteIds": [ "c028" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "避高趋下、空虚静默、利泽万物等，皆水之七善。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "七者皆擇取眾人之所好者為善，可謂之善而非上善。", "thesisTrad": "七者皆擇取眾人之所好者為善，可謂之善而非上善。", "noteIds": [ "c031" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "七者皆择取众人之所好者为善，可谓之善而非上善。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "不爭之德無往而不善，故居、心、與、言、政、事、動皆善。", "thesisTrad": "不爭之德無往而不善，故居、心、與、言、政、事、動皆善。", "noteIds": [ "c033" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "不争之德无往而不善，故居、心、与、言、政、事、动皆善。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "七善或以水或以人皆可通，惟以不爭為上善之說為得。", "thesisTrad": "七善或以水或以人皆可通，惟以不爭為上善之說為得。", "noteIds": [ "c034" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "七善或以水或以人皆可通，惟以不争为上善之说为得。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "不著其善，故善；聖人處眾之後而常得眾之先。", "thesisTrad": "不著其善，故善；聖人處眾之後而常得眾之先。", "noteIds": [ "c035" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "不着其善，故善；圣人处众之后而常得众之先。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c005", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公逐句以水性釋七善。", "textTrad": "河上公逐句以水性釋七善。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公逐句以水性释七善。" }, { "noteId": "c008", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼總以人皆應於治道釋七善。", "textTrad": "王弼總以人皆應於治道釋七善。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼总以人皆应于治道释七善。" }, { "noteId": "c011", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英逐句以水性況聖心。", "textTrad": "成玄英逐句以水性況聖心。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英逐句以水性况圣心。" }, { "noteId": "c015", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗御注逐句以水喻至人。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗御注逐句以水喻至人。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗御注逐句以水喻至人。" }, { "noteId": "c019", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏逐句以水性釋七善。", "textTrad": "御疏逐句以水性釋七善。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏逐句以水性释七善。" }, { "noteId": "c023", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮逐句以水與人對舉。", "textTrad": "李榮逐句以水與人對舉。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣逐句以水与人对举。" }, { "noteId": "c025", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以七者皆水德，上善之人若此。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以七者皆水德，上善之人若此。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以七者皆水德，上善之人若此。" }, { "noteId": "c026", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以江海善下等逐一說七善。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以江海善下等逐一說七善。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以江海善下等逐一说七善。" }, { "noteId": "c028", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以七善皆水德。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以七善皆水德。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以七善皆水德。" }, { "noteId": "c031", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄謂七善乃眾人所善，非上善。", "textTrad": "吳澄謂七善乃眾人所善，非上善。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄谓七善乃众人所善，非上善。" }, { "noteId": "c033", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以不爭之德無往不善。", "textTrad": "憨山以不爭之德無往不善。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以不争之德无往不善。" }, { "noteId": "c034", "relation": "本義", "relationTrad": "本義", "text": "魏源謂七善或以水或以人皆可通，以不爭為上善之說為得。", "textTrad": "魏源謂七善或以水或以人皆可通，以不爭為上善之說為得。", "relationSimp": "本义", "textSimp": "魏源谓七善或以水或以人皆可通，以不争为上善之说为得。" }, { "noteId": "c035", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以不著其善故善。", "textTrad": "王夫之以不著其善故善。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以不着其善故善。" } ], "nameSimp": "居善地与七善", "questionSimp": "七善是水德，还是圣人之德？是否即是「上善」？", "introSimp": "七善一组，诸家分疏最细。河上公逐句以水性释之，以为上善之人所具；王弼总以「言人皆应于治道也」；成玄英逐句以水性况圣心；唐玄宗御注御疏逐句以水喻至人；李荣逐句以水与人对举；陆希声以七者皆水德，为上善之人所具；吕惠卿以江海善下、渊、仁、信、治、能、时逐一说；苏辙以七善皆水德；吴澄则谓七者皆择取众人之所好，可谓之善而非上善；憨山以不争之德无往不善；魏源引诸家而谓七善或以水或以人皆可通，惟以不争为上善之说为得；王夫之以「不着其善，故善」。严遵无专文。" }, { "id": "buzhengwuyou", "name": "夫唯不爭故無尤", "nameTrad": "夫唯不爭故無尤", "question": "不爭何以無尤？", "questionTrad": "不爭何以無尤？", "intro": "末句以「不爭」收束全章。河上公以水壅止決流、聽從人，故天下無怨尤水；成玄英以虛柔順故無尤過；唐玄宗御注御疏以虛心順物、不違逆故無尤過；嚴遵以體柔守弱、去高處下、去己任因，帝王體之有何尤；李榮以水本無心、人能虛己不與物爭；陸希聲以常處汙下、不與物爭故人莫能挫；呂惠卿以出於不爭而以居善地為本，故天下莫能與之爭；蘇轍以有善而不免人非者以其爭，水兼七善而不爭故無尤；吳澄以有道者不爭處上而甘處下，故人無尤；憨山以不爭則無人怨、無鬼責；魏源以不爭為上善之說；王夫之以無損而物何爭、而我何尤。王弼於此句無專注。", "introTrad": "末句以「不爭」收束全章。河上公以水壅止決流、聽從人，故天下無怨尤水；成玄英以虛柔順故無尤過；唐玄宗御注御疏以虛心順物、不違逆故無尤過；嚴遵以體柔守弱、去高處下、去己任因，帝王體之有何尤；李榮以水本無心、人能虛己不與物爭；陸希聲以常處汙下、不與物爭故人莫能挫；呂惠卿以出於不爭而以居善地為本，故天下莫能與之爭；蘇轍以有善而不免人非者以其爭，水兼七善而不爭故無尤；吳澄以有道者不爭處上而甘處下，故人無尤；憨山以不爭則無人怨、無鬼責；魏源以不爭為上善之說；王夫之以無損而物何爭、而我何尤。王弼於此句無專注。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "水壅之則止、決之則流，聽從人，故天下無有怨尤水者。", "thesisTrad": "水壅之則止、決之則流，聽從人，故天下無有怨尤水者。", "noteIds": [ "c006" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "水壅之则止、决之则流，听从人，故天下无有怨尤水者。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "唯水與聖獨以不爭為能，虛柔順故，無尤過。", "thesisTrad": "唯水與聖獨以不爭為能，虛柔順故，無尤過。", "noteIds": [ "c012" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "唯水与圣独以不争为能，虚柔顺故，无尤过。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "虛心順物，如彼水性壅止決流，不違迕於物，故無尤過。", "thesisTrad": "虛心順物，如彼水性壅止決流，不違迕於物，故無尤過。", "noteIds": [ "c016", "c020" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "虚心顺物，如彼水性壅止决流，不违迕于物，故无尤过。" }, "yanzun": { "workType": "指歸", "workTypeTrad": "指歸", "thesis": "體柔守弱、去高處下、去己任因，莫過於水；帝王體之，有何尤矣。", "thesisTrad": "體柔守弱、去高處下、去己任因，莫過於水；帝王體之，有何尤矣。", "noteIds": [ "c021" ], "workTypeSimp": "指归", "thesisSimp": "体柔守弱、去高处下、去己任因，莫过于水；帝王体之，有何尤矣。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "水本無心，人能虛己，不與物爭，自然之道。", "thesisTrad": "水本無心，人能虛己，不與物爭，自然之道。", "noteIds": [ "c024" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "水本无心，人能虚己，不与物争，自然之道。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "常處汙下，故人莫得而挫；不與物爭，故物莫與之爭。", "thesisTrad": "常處汙下，故人莫得而挫；不與物爭，故物莫與之爭。", "noteIds": [ "c025" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "常处污下，故人莫得而挫；不与物争，故物莫与之争。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "出於不爭而以居善地為本，故天下莫能與之爭。", "thesisTrad": "出於不爭而以居善地為本，故天下莫能與之爭。", "noteIds": [ "c026" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "出于不争而以居善地为本，故天下莫能与之争。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "有善而不免人非者以其爭；水兼七善而不爭，故無尤。", "thesisTrad": "有善而不免人非者以其爭；水兼七善而不爭，故無尤。", "noteIds": [ "c029" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "有善而不免人非者以其争；水兼七善而不争，故无尤。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "有道者不爭處上而甘處下，有似於水，故人無尤。", "thesisTrad": "有道者不爭處上而甘處下，有似於水，故人無尤。", "noteIds": [ "c032" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "有道者不争处上而甘处下，有似于水，故人无尤。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "不爭之德如此，則無人怨、無鬼責。", "thesisTrad": "不爭之德如此，則無人怨、無鬼責。", "noteIds": [ "c033" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "不争之德如此，则无人怨、无鬼责。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "以不爭為上善，勝於即七善為上善之說。", "thesisTrad": "以不爭為上善，勝於即七善為上善之說。", "noteIds": [ "c034" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "以不争为上善，胜于即七善为上善之说。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "無損而物何爭，而我何尤；聖人擅利。", "thesisTrad": "無損而物何爭，而我何尤；聖人擅利。", "noteIds": [ "c035" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "无损而物何争，而我何尤；圣人擅利。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c006", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以水聽從人、天下無怨尤水說無尤。", "textTrad": "河上公以水聽從人、天下無怨尤水說無尤。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以水听从人、天下无怨尤水说无尤。" }, { "noteId": "c012", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以虛柔順故無尤過。", "textTrad": "成玄英以虛柔順故無尤過。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以虚柔顺故无尤过。" }, { "noteId": "c016", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗御注以虛心順物、不違迕故無尤。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗御注以虛心順物、不違迕故無尤。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗御注以虚心顺物、不违迕故无尤。" }, { "noteId": "c020", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以不違逆於物，故無尤過之地。", "textTrad": "御疏以不違逆於物，故無尤過之地。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以不违逆于物，故无尤过之地。" }, { "noteId": "c021", "relation": "指歸", "relationTrad": "指歸", "text": "嚴遵以體柔守弱、去己任因，帝王體之有何尤。", "textTrad": "嚴遵以體柔守弱、去己任因，帝王體之有何尤。", "relationSimp": "指归", "textSimp": "严遵以体柔守弱、去己任因，帝王体之有何尤。" }, { "noteId": "c024", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以水本無心、人能虛己不與物爭。", "textTrad": "李榮以水本無心、人能虛己不與物爭。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以水本无心、人能虚己不与物争。" }, { "noteId": "c025", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以常處汙下、不與物爭，故人莫能挫。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以常處汙下、不與物爭，故人莫能挫。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以常处污下、不与物争，故人莫能挫。" }, { "noteId": "c026", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以出於不爭、以居善地為本，故天下莫能與爭。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以出於不爭、以居善地為本，故天下莫能與爭。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以出于不争、以居善地为本，故天下莫能与争。" }, { "noteId": "c029", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以水兼七善而不爭，故無尤。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以水兼七善而不爭，故無尤。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以水兼七善而不争，故无尤。" }, { "noteId": "c032", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以有道者不爭處上而甘處下，故人無尤。", "textTrad": "吳澄以有道者不爭處上而甘處下，故人無尤。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以有道者不争处上而甘处下，故人无尤。" }, { "noteId": "c033", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以不爭則無人怨、無鬼責。", "textTrad": "憨山以不爭則無人怨、無鬼責。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以不争则无人怨、无鬼责。" }, { "noteId": "c034", "relation": "本義", "relationTrad": "本義", "text": "魏源以不爭為上善之說為得。", "textTrad": "魏源以不爭為上善之說為得。", "relationSimp": "本义", "textSimp": "魏源以不争为上善之说为得。" }, { "noteId": "c035", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以無損而物何爭、而我何尤。", "textTrad": "王夫之以無損而物何爭、而我何尤。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以无损而物何争、而我何尤。" } ], "nameSimp": "夫唯不争故无尤", "questionSimp": "不争何以无尤？", "introSimp": "末句以「不争」收束全章。河上公以水壅止决流、听从人，故天下无怨尤水；成玄英以虚柔顺故无尤过；唐玄宗御注御疏以虚心顺物、不违逆故无尤过；严遵以体柔守弱、去高处下、去己任因，帝王体之有何尤；李荣以水本无心、人能虚己不与物争；陆希声以常处污下、不与物争故人莫能挫；吕惠卿以出于不争而以居善地为本，故天下莫能与之争；苏辙以有善而不免人非者以其争，水兼七善而不争故无尤；吴澄以有道者不争处上而甘处下，故人无尤；憨山以不争则无人怨、无鬼责；魏源以不争为上善之说；王夫之以无损而物何争、而我何尤。王弼于此句无专注。" } ], "requiredSources": [ "heshanggong", "chengxuanying", "tangxuanzong" ] }, "schema": "librebook.chapter/1", "generatedAt": "2026-10-30T11:41:46.841Z", "keyPrefix": "laozi-08", "idRules": { "chapter": "章节目录名（slug），如 01；URL 为 /laozi/01/。", "sentence": "章内局部编号 sNNN，全篇引用使用 laozi-01:sNNN；页面锚点继续使用 #sNNN。", "commentary": "章内注号 cNNN，字词注 nNNN，校记 kNNN；编号在章内稳定，跨章引用时加章节前缀。", "paragraph": "章内段落号 pNNN，与 sentence.paragraph 对应。" }, "book": { "id": "laozi", "slug": "laozi", "title": "老子", "titleSimp": "老子", "author": "老聃", "authorSimp": "老聃", "era": "春秋", "eraSimp": "春秋", "editor": "河上公、王弼等", "editorSimp": "河上公、王弼等", "edition": "王弼《老子注》", "editionSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabel": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabelSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "separationLabel": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍老子解、吳澄道德真經注、憨山道德經解、魏源老子本義、俞樾平議、王夫之老子衍十四家", "separationLabelSimp": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙老子解、吴澄道德真经注、憨山道德经解、魏源老子本义、俞樾平议、王夫之老子衍十四家", "intro": "《老子》八十一章，分道經、德經。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》為底本，逐章整理正文、舊注、今譯與校記；第一至八十一章已上線，全帙完竣。", "introSimp": "《老子》八十一章，分道经、德经。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》为底本，逐章整理正文、旧注、今译与校记；第一至八十一章已上线，全帙完竣。" }, "volume": { "id": "daojing", "order": 1, "title": "道經", "titleSimp": "道经" }, "chapter": { "id": "laozi-08", "slug": "08", "order": 8, "title": "第八章", "titleSimp": "第八章", "status": "published", "revision": "初校", "review": "待复核", "updated": "2026-10-29", "summary": "以「上善若水」立喻，謂水善利萬物而不爭、處眾人之所惡，故幾於道；次列居、心、與、言、正、事、動七善，末以「夫唯不爭，故無尤」收束；附河上公、王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、嚴遵、李榮、陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄、憨山、魏源、王夫之十三家注疏，王弼本校「正善治」，諸本或作「政善治」，異文並見校記。", "summarySimp": "以「上善若水」立喻，谓水善利万物而不争、处众人之所恶，故几于道；次列居、心、与、言、正、事、动七善，末以「夫唯不争，故无尤」收束；附河上公、王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、严遵、李荣、陆希声、吕惠卿、苏辙、吴澄、憨山、魏源、王夫之十三家注疏，王弼本校「正善治」，诸本或作「政善治」，异文并见校记。", "dataFile": "data/chapters/laozi-08.json", "relationsFile": "data/commentary-relations-laozi-08.json", "url": "/laozi/08/", "orderLabel": "第八", "volumeId": "daojing", "part": "道經", "partSimp": "道经" }, "paragraphs": [ { "id": "p001", "no": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001", "s002", "s003", "s004" ], "count": 4 } ], "coverage": { "sentences": 4, "paragraphs": 1, "notes": { "covered": 4, "total": 4, "percent": 100 }, "charNotes": { "covered": 4, "total": 4, "percent": 100 }, "collations": { "covered": 3, "total": 4, "percent": 75, "count": 6 }, "translations": { "covered": 4, "total": 4, "percent": 100 } } }