{ "meta": { "book": { "id": "laozi", "title": "老子", "titleSimp": "老子", "author": "老聃", "authorSimp": "老聃", "era": "春秋", "eraSimp": "春秋", "editor": "河上公、王弼等", "editorSimp": "河上公、王弼等", "edition": "王弼《老子注》", "editionSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "slug": "laozi", "baseLabel": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabelSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "separationLabel": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍老子解、吳澄道德真經注、憨山道德經解、魏源老子本義、俞樾平議、王夫之老子衍十四家", "separationLabelSimp": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙老子解、吴澄道德真经注、憨山道德经解、魏源老子本义、俞樾平议、王夫之老子衍十四家", "intro": "《老子》八十一章，分道經、德經。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》為底本，逐章整理正文、舊注、今譯與校記；第一至八十一章已上線，全帙完竣。", "introSimp": "《老子》八十一章，分道经、德经。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》为底本，逐章整理正文、旧注、今译与校记；第一至八十一章已上线，全帙完竣。" }, "chapter": { "id": "laozi-61", "no": 61, "part": "德經", "partSimp": "德经", "title": "第六十一章", "titleSimp": "第六十一章", "intro": "《老子》第六十一章，河上公題「謙德第六十一」；《玄德纂疏》題「大國者章第六十一」，呂惠卿、蘇轍題「大國者下流章第六十一」，王弼本無章題；吳澄此章為其第五十二章，魏源此章為其第五十三章，王夫之標「六十一章」。王弼道藏本正文六句：大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝；牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下；故大國以下小國，則取小國，小國以下大國，則取大國；故或下以取，或下而取；大國不過欲兼畜人，小國不過欲入事人；夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下。全章以「謙下」為宗：大國如江海居下，為天下所交會；牝以靜勝牡，以靜為下；故大國下小國則取小國，小國下大國則取大國；或下以取，或下而取；大國欲兼畜人，小國欲入事人；兩者各得所欲，而大者尤宜為下。河上公以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微，天下士民交會；牝為陰類，柔謙和而不唱，以安靜不先求勝男；能謙下則常有之，國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失；大國兼并牧畜、小國使為臣僕；末以大小各得其所、大國又宜謙下釋之。王弼以江海居大處下、百川流之喻大國；天下所歸會為交，靜而不求、物自歸之為牝；牝以靜故能為下，雄躁動貪欲、雌常以靜故勝；大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小國修下自全、大國修下則天下歸之，故大者宜為下。成玄英標章義，分全章為三：初明接物謙和以靜攝躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大國虛容譬江海、萬邦歸往滿於郊郭釋下流之交；以牝雌靜勝牡雄躁明柔順為先；以用謙攝化、小國守分聚於大國釋兩取；以用下則同、取之則別釋「或」；末以大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下，即高者抑之之義。唐玄宗御注以謙德釋下流，大國當開納、天下之人交至；以牝雌靜常為牡動所求、由以靜為下；以大取小為臣妾、小取大為援助；以「以」為大取小、「而」為小取大；以兼畜、入事各求其所欲；末以常戒滿盈故云宜下。御疏申之：江海處眾流之下，有道則國存、無德則人散；天下交會由大國謙下，喻如牝以雌靜致牡所求；「故」者仍上結前，大國不事威武而用謙卑，懷來附庸；小國朝聘會盟、卑下事大以取援助；引《春秋》「師能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取；末以物未嘗以小輕大而必以大凌小，恐大國驕盈致禍，故特誡大者宜為謙下。嚴遵《指歸》《玄德纂疏》卷十六存輯文一則，謂大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵、輕於鴻毛，不當矜貴。李榮以交為會，海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會；牝雌而靜、牡雄而動，靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故謙撝伏跨企、柔弱勝剛強；以謙為德可以容人，未能卑退不可取聚；「或」者結二國；大國欲遠扇皇風、小國不過遐欽道化；末以俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、貴者凌賤，重誡大者以為下。陸希聲以眾國所歸釋大國、眾流所會釋下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝；牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝牡在柔靜能為物下；大國得術則取小國，小國得術則取大國；大國下小國是道之動故曰以取，小國下大國是道之用故曰而取；末以小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下。呂惠卿以知以道治國而不知交天下，則雖不傷人而有傷其人者；大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以靜勝牡、以靜為下，乃交天下而保其人之道；大之於小宜若可以無下，而下之者以取之故；小之於大不得不下而取之；末以大小莫不宜為下，而小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下。蘇轍以天下之歸大國猶眾水趨下流，眾動赴靜猶眾高赴下；大國能下則小國附之，小國能下則大國納之；大國下以取人，小國下而取於人；末句無注。吳澄以交為會，大國為諸小國之交會如水之下流；牝不先動以求牡，動求者招損、靜俟者受益，故以靜勝牡、以靜為下；或疑牝字其一衍；大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑，下以取、下而取分釋；末以兩者皆能下則各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下，大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下，章首下流喻大國、牝牡喻小國。憨山以君天下當以靜勝為主、不可以力相尚；流之在下如江海眾水歸之，大國為天下之交、納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝；牡動牝靜，動則不育、靜能有生，故牝以靜勝牡，聖人無為而任物各遂其生，靜為群動之歸趨故以靜為下；大字小、小事大皆有以下之，取者得之易，大字小如母育子、小事大如子奉母，或下以取、或下而取皆無妄動之過；末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德、知動不知靜。魏源此章為其第五十三章，正文從王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校記出焦竑、吳澄、陳象古、傅奕、司馬諸說，謂下牝字當在牡字下乃倒文；引吳澄以江海善下、牝不先動分喻大小；源案謂章首但言大國天下之交而不云小國天下之牝，蓋牝之為小不待言，而大者未必知法水之善下，故始終皆舉大為言，末引林希逸、黃茂材。王夫之標「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙於受，受而動則名受實不受、欲受而動則實受名不受，天下相報以實、相爭以名；欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，實元動也；愈大則愈可受，靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。本站以王弼《老子注》道藏本為底本，分列河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵《指歸》輯文、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》與王夫之《老子衍》，並附編者今譯。俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列。", "introSimp": "《老子》第六十一章，河上公题「谦德第六十一」；《玄德纂疏》题「大国者章第六十一」，吕惠卿、苏辙题「大国者下流章第六十一」，王弼本无章题；吴澄此章为其第五十二章，魏源此章为其第五十三章，王夫之标「六十一章」。王弼道藏本正文六句：大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝；牝常以静胜牡，以静为下；故大国以下小国，则取小国，小国以下大国，则取大国；故或下以取，或下而取；大国不过欲兼畜人，小国不过欲入事人；夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下。全章以「谦下」为宗：大国如江海居下，为天下所交会；牝以静胜牡，以静为下；故大国下小国则取小国，小国下大国则取大国；或下以取，或下而取；大国欲兼畜人，小国欲入事人；两者各得所欲，而大者尤宜为下。河上公以治大国当如居下流、不逆细微，天下士民交会；牝为阴类，柔谦和而不唱，以安静不先求胜男；能谦下则常有之，国无大小能执谦畜人则无过失；大国兼并牧畜、小国使为臣仆；末以大小各得其所、大国又宜谦下释之。王弼以江海居大处下、百川流之喻大国；天下所归会为交，静而不求、物自归之为牝；牝以静故能为下，雄躁动贪欲、雌常以静故胜；大国下小国则小国附之，小国下大国则大国纳之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小国修下自全、大国修下则天下归之，故大者宜为下。成玄英标章义，分全章为三：初明接物谦和以静摄躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大国虚容譬江海、万邦归往满于郊郭释下流之交；以牝雌静胜牡雄躁明柔顺为先；以用谦摄化、小国守分聚于大国释两取；以用下则同、取之则别释「或」；末以大小俱用柔和而大国特宜偏行谦下，即高者抑之之义。唐玄宗御注以谦德释下流，大国当开纳、天下之人交至；以牝雌静常为牡动所求、由以静为下；以大取小为臣妾、小取大为援助；以「以」为大取小、「而」为小取大；以兼畜、入事各求其所欲；末以常戒满盈故云宜下。御疏申之：江海处众流之下，有道则国存、无德则人散；天下交会由大国谦下，喻如牝以雌静致牡所求；「故」者仍上结前，大国不事威武而用谦卑，怀来附庸；小国朝聘会盟、卑下事大以取援助；引《春秋》「师能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取；末以物未尝以小轻大而必以大凌小，恐大国骄盈致祸，故特诫大者宜为谦下。严遵《指归》《玄德纂疏》卷十六存辑文一则，谓大国地广，有道则固于磐石、宁于泰山，失道则危于累卵、轻于鸿毛，不当矜贵。李荣以交为会，海在众流之下、百川交归，理国者自视缺然则万国同会；牝雌而静、牡雄而动，静可制动、阴可屈阳，故谦㧑伏跨企、柔弱胜刚强；以谦为德可以容人，未能卑退不可取聚；「或」者结二国；大国欲远扇皇风、小国不过遐钦道化；末以俱称所怀、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、贵者凌贱，重诫大者以为下。陆希声以众国所归释大国、众流所会释下流，故为天下之交、天下之牝；牝以卑静自守而为众牡所悦，其胜牡在柔静能为物下；大国得术则取小国，小国得术则取大国；大国下小国是道之动故曰以取，小国下大国是道之用故曰而取；末以小国自全、大国天下归之，故大国宜先下。吕惠卿以知以道治国而不知交天下，则虽不伤人而有伤其人者；大国下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以静胜牡、以静为下，乃交天下而保其人之道；大之于小宜若可以无下，而下之者以取之故；小之于大不得不下而取之；末以大小莫不宜为下，而小不能下大则祸灾及之，故独曰大者宜为下。苏辙以天下之归大国犹众水趋下流，众动赴静犹众高赴下；大国能下则小国附之，小国能下则大国纳之；大国下以取人，小国下而取于人；末句无注。吴澄以交为会，大国为诸小国之交会如水之下流；牝不先动以求牡，动求者招损、静俟者受益，故以静胜牡、以静为下；或疑牝字其一衍；大国不恃其尊、小国甘处于卑，下以取、下而取分释；末以两者皆能下则各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下，大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜为下，章首下流喻大国、牝牡喻小国。憨山以君天下当以静胜为主、不可以力相尚；流之在下如江海众水归之，大国为天下之交、纳污含垢、虚而能受如天下之牝；牡动牝静，动则不育、静能有生，故牝以静胜牡，圣人无为而任物各遂其生，静为群动之归趋故以静为下；大字小、小事大皆有以下之，取者得之易，大字小如母育子、小事大如子奉母，或下以取、或下而取皆无妄动之过；末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，盖伤时诸侯以力不以德、知动不知静。魏源此章为其第五十三章，正文从王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校记出焦竑、吴澄、陈象古、傅奕、司马诸说，谓下牝字当在牡字下乃倒文；引吴澄以江海善下、牝不先动分喻大小；源案谓章首但言大国天下之交而不云小国天下之牝，盖牝之为小不待言，而大者未必知法水之善下，故始终皆举大为言，末引林希逸、黄茂材。王夫之标「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙于受，受而动则名受实不受、欲受而动则实受名不受，天下相报以实、相争以名；欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，实元动也；愈大则愈可受，静其欲、静其动，江海所以为百谷王。本站以王弼《老子注》道藏本为底本，分列河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵《指归》辑文、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》与王夫之《老子衍》，并附编者今译。俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列。", "guide": "點擊任一句可展開句注；點擊字詞可看本句訓釋；按「諸家並觀」可將同一句的舊注並列對讀，本章十三家舊注。河上公、王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮逐句或分段分疏；嚴遵輯文一則、陸希聲一段、呂惠卿一段、蘇轍四條、吳澄四條、憨山一段（本站分五條）、魏源三條、王夫之一段。河上公題「謙德」；《玄德纂疏》題「大國者章」；呂惠卿、蘇轍題「大國者下流章」；吳澄此章為其第五十二章，魏源此章為其第五十三章，王夫之標「六十一章」。王弼本正文作「大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝」「牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下」「夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下」；陸希聲、呂惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「大邦」「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫兩者各得其欲，故大者宜為下」；魏源移牝字作「常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」。", "guideSimp": "点击任一句可展开句注；点击字词可看本句训释；按「诸家并观」可将同一句的旧注并列对读，本章十三家旧注。河上公、王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、李荣逐句或分段分疏；严遵辑文一则、陆希声一段、吕惠卿一段、苏辙四条、吴澄四条、憨山一段（本站分五条）、魏源三条、王夫之一段。河上公题「谦德」；《玄德纂疏》题「大国者章」；吕惠卿、苏辙题「大国者下流章」；吴澄此章为其第五十二章，魏源此章为其第五十三章，王夫之标「六十一章」。王弼本正文作「大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝」「牝常以静胜牡，以静为下」「夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下」；陆希声、吕惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「大邦」「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫两者各得其欲，故大者宜为下」；魏源移牝字作「常以静胜牡，牝以静为下」。", "slug": "61", "order": 61, "status": "published", "revision": "初校", "review": "待复核", "updated": "2026-10-30", "summary": "第六十一章〈大國者下流章〉全章六句：首句言大國者下流、天下之交、天下之牝；第二句言牝常以靜勝牡、以靜為下；第三句言故大國以下小國則取小國、小國以下大國則取大國；第四句言故或下以取、或下而取；第五句言大國不過欲兼畜人、小國不過欲入事人；第六句言夫兩者各得其所欲、大者宜為下。河上公以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微，天下士民交會；牝為陰類，柔謙和而不唱，以安靜不先求勝男；能謙下則常有之，國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失；大國兼并牧畜、小國使為臣僕；末以大小各得其所、大國又宜謙下釋之；王弼以江海居大處下、百川流之喻大國；天下所歸會為交，靜而不求、物自歸之為牝；牝以靜故能為下，雄躁動貪欲、雌常以靜故勝；大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小國修下自全、大國修下則天下歸之，故大者宜為下；成玄英標章義，分全章為三：初明接物謙和以靜攝躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大國虛容譬江海、萬邦歸往滿於郊郭釋下流之交，以牝雌靜勝牡雄躁明柔順為先，以用謙攝化、小國守分聚於大國釋兩取，以用下則同、取之則別釋「或」，末以大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下；唐玄宗御注以謙德釋下流，大國當開納、天下之人交至，以牝雌靜常為牡動所求、由以靜為下，以大取小為臣妾、小取大為援助，以「以」為大取小、「而」為小取大，末以常戒滿盈故云宜下；御疏申之，謂江海處眾流之下，有道則國存、無德則人散，天下交會由大國謙下，引《春秋》「師能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取，末以物未嘗以小輕大而必以大凌小，恐大國驕盈致禍，故特誡大者宜為謙下；嚴遵《指歸》《玄德纂疏》卷十六存輯文一則，謂大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵、輕於鴻毛，不當矜貴；李榮以交為會，海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會，牝雌而靜、牡雄而動，靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故謙撝伏跨企、柔弱勝剛強，末以俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、貴者凌賤，重誡大者以為下；陸希聲以眾國所歸釋大國、眾流所會釋下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝，牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝牡在柔靜能為物下，大國得術則取小國、小國得術則取大國，大國下小國是道之動故曰以取、小國下大國是道之用故曰而取，末以小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下；呂惠卿以知以道治國而不知交天下，則雖不傷人而有傷其人者，大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以靜勝牡、以靜為下，乃交天下而保其人之道，大之於小宜若可以無下而下之者以取之故、小之於大不得不下而取之，末以大小莫不宜為下，而小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下；蘇轍以天下之歸大國猶眾水趨下流、眾動赴靜猶眾高赴下，大國能下則小國附之、小國能下則大國納之，大國下以取人、小國下而取於人，末句無注；吳澄以交為會，大國為諸小國之交會如水之下流，牝不先動以求牡，動求者招損、靜俟者受益，故以靜勝牡、以靜為下，或疑牝字其一衍，大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑，下以取、下而取分釋，末以兩者皆能下則各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下、大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下，章首下流喻大國、牝牡喻小國；憨山以君天下當以靜勝為主、不可以力相尚，大國為天下之交、納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝，牡動牝靜，動則不育、靜能有生，故牝以靜勝牡，聖人無為而任物各遂其生，靜為群動之歸趨故以靜為下，大字小、小事大皆有以下之，末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德、知動不知靜；魏源此章為其第五十三章，正文從王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校記出焦竑、吳澄、陳象古、傅奕、司馬諸說，謂下牝字當在牡字下乃倒文，並引吳澄、林希逸、黃茂材；王夫之標「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙於受，受而動則名受實不受、欲受而動則實受名不受，天下相報以實、相爭以名，欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，愈大則愈可受，靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。河上公十一注、王弼七注、成玄英章義一則疏七條、唐玄宗御注御疏十四注、嚴遵一輯文、李榮六注、陸希聲一段、呂惠卿一段、蘇轍四注、吳澄四注、憨山一段（本站分五條）、魏源三條、王夫之一段；俞樾此章未列，故十三家。河上公題「謙德第六十一」，《玄德纂疏》題「大國者章第六十一」，呂惠卿、蘇轍題「大國者下流章第六十一」，王弼本無章題；吳澄此章為其第五十二章，魏源此章為其第五十三章，王夫之標「六十一章」。王弼本作「大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝」「牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下」「夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下」，陸希聲、呂惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「大邦」「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫兩者各得其欲，故大者宜為下」；魏源移牝字作「常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」。並見校記。", "summarySimp": "第六十一章〈大国者下流章〉全章六句：首句言大国者下流、天下之交、天下之牝；第二句言牝常以静胜牡、以静为下；第三句言故大国以下小国则取小国、小国以下大国则取大国；第四句言故或下以取、或下而取；第五句言大国不过欲兼畜人、小国不过欲入事人；第六句言夫两者各得其所欲、大者宜为下。河上公以治大国当如居下流、不逆细微，天下士民交会；牝为阴类，柔谦和而不唱，以安静不先求胜男；能谦下则常有之，国无大小能执谦畜人则无过失；大国兼并牧畜、小国使为臣仆；末以大小各得其所、大国又宜谦下释之；王弼以江海居大处下、百川流之喻大国；天下所归会为交，静而不求、物自归之为牝；牝以静故能为下，雄躁动贪欲、雌常以静故胜；大国下小国则小国附之，小国下大国则大国纳之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小国修下自全、大国修下则天下归之，故大者宜为下；成玄英标章义，分全章为三：初明接物谦和以静摄躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大国虚容譬江海、万邦归往满于郊郭释下流之交，以牝雌静胜牡雄躁明柔顺为先，以用谦摄化、小国守分聚于大国释两取，以用下则同、取之则别释「或」，末以大小俱用柔和而大国特宜偏行谦下；唐玄宗御注以谦德释下流，大国当开纳、天下之人交至，以牝雌静常为牡动所求、由以静为下，以大取小为臣妾、小取大为援助，以「以」为大取小、「而」为小取大，末以常戒满盈故云宜下；御疏申之，谓江海处众流之下，有道则国存、无德则人散，天下交会由大国谦下，引《春秋》「师能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取，末以物未尝以小轻大而必以大凌小，恐大国骄盈致祸，故特诫大者宜为谦下；严遵《指归》《玄德纂疏》卷十六存辑文一则，谓大国地广，有道则固于磐石、宁于泰山，失道则危于累卵、轻于鸿毛，不当矜贵；李荣以交为会，海在众流之下、百川交归，理国者自视缺然则万国同会，牝雌而静、牡雄而动，静可制动、阴可屈阳，故谦㧑伏跨企、柔弱胜刚强，末以俱称所怀、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、贵者凌贱，重诫大者以为下；陆希声以众国所归释大国、众流所会释下流，故为天下之交、天下之牝，牝以卑静自守而为众牡所悦，其胜牡在柔静能为物下，大国得术则取小国、小国得术则取大国，大国下小国是道之动故曰以取、小国下大国是道之用故曰而取，末以小国自全、大国天下归之，故大国宜先下；吕惠卿以知以道治国而不知交天下，则虽不伤人而有伤其人者，大国下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以静胜牡、以静为下，乃交天下而保其人之道，大之于小宜若可以无下而下之者以取之故、小之于大不得不下而取之，末以大小莫不宜为下，而小不能下大则祸灾及之，故独曰大者宜为下；苏辙以天下之归大国犹众水趋下流、众动赴静犹众高赴下，大国能下则小国附之、小国能下则大国纳之，大国下以取人、小国下而取于人，末句无注；吴澄以交为会，大国为诸小国之交会如水之下流，牝不先动以求牡，动求者招损、静俟者受益，故以静胜牡、以静为下，或疑牝字其一衍，大国不恃其尊、小国甘处于卑，下以取、下而取分释，末以两者皆能下则各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下、大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜为下，章首下流喻大国、牝牡喻小国；憨山以君天下当以静胜为主、不可以力相尚，大国为天下之交、纳污含垢、虚而能受如天下之牝，牡动牝静，动则不育、静能有生，故牝以静胜牡，圣人无为而任物各遂其生，静为群动之归趋故以静为下，大字小、小事大皆有以下之，末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，盖伤时诸侯以力不以德、知动不知静；魏源此章为其第五十三章，正文从王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校记出焦竑、吴澄、陈象古、傅奕、司马诸说，谓下牝字当在牡字下乃倒文，并引吴澄、林希逸、黄茂材；王夫之标「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙于受，受而动则名受实不受、欲受而动则实受名不受，天下相报以实、相争以名，欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，愈大则愈可受，静其欲、静其动，江海所以为百谷王。河上公十一注、王弼七注、成玄英章义一则疏七条、唐玄宗御注御疏十四注、严遵一辑文、李荣六注、陆希声一段、吕惠卿一段、苏辙四注、吴澄四注、憨山一段（本站分五条）、魏源三条、王夫之一段；俞樾此章未列，故十三家。河上公题「谦德第六十一」，《玄德纂疏》题「大国者章第六十一」，吕惠卿、苏辙题「大国者下流章第六十一」，王弼本无章题；吴澄此章为其第五十二章，魏源此章为其第五十三章，王夫之标「六十一章」。王弼本作「大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝」「牝常以静胜牡，以静为下」「夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下」，陆希声、吕惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「大邦」「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫两者各得其欲，故大者宜为下」；魏源移牝字作「常以静胜牡，牝以静为下」。并见校记。", "dataFile": "data/chapters/laozi-61.json", "relationsFile": "data/commentary-relations-laozi-61.json", "url": "/laozi/61/", "volumeId": "dejing", "volumeTitle": "德經", "volumeTitleSimp": "德经", "orderLabel": "第六十一" }, "edition": { "base": "王弼《老子注》", "baseEdition": "王弼《老子注》道藏本（德經卷四）", "separation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、王弼《老子道德經注》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、嚴遵《道德真經指歸》輯文、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》諸本對校；河上公此章據四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、李榮、嚴遵輯文此章據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列", "punctuation": "數字轉錄所附現代標點，本站僅作閱讀輔助，尚未逐字復核原刻", "digital": "中華典藏網、識典古籍、大道家園公開轉錄、Kanripo 漢籍全文資料庫（僅作文字底本）", "caution": "王弼道藏本正文作「大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝。牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下。故大國以下小國，則取小國；小國以下大國，則取大國。故或下以取，或下而取。大國不過欲兼畜人，小國不過欲入事人。夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下」，本站分六句。河上公題「謙德第六十一」；《玄德纂疏》題「大國者章第六十一」；呂惠卿、蘇轍題「大國者下流章第六十一」；吳澄此章為其第五十二章，魏源此章為其第五十三章，王夫之標「六十一章」。諸本異文：陸希聲、呂惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」；《玄德纂疏》所引經文作「天下之交牝」；王夫之正文作「大邦」，並作「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫兩者各得其欲，故大者宜為下」；魏源移牝字作「常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」，校記謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文；傅奕作「大國者天下之下流」「以其靜故為下也」，兩「則取」下各有「于」字；司馬本作「以其靜為之下」；河上本一作「則聚于大國」「或下而聚」。正文從王弼道藏本，異文見校記。", "baseSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "baseEditionSimp": "王弼《老子注》道藏本（德经卷四）", "separationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、王弼《老子道德经注》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、严遵《道德真经指归》辑文、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》诸本对校；河上公此章据四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、李荣、严遵辑文此章据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列", "punctuationSimp": "数字转录所附现代标点，本站仅作阅读辅助，尚未逐字复核原刻", "digitalSimp": "中华典藏网、识典古籍、大道家园公开转录、Kanripo 汉籍全文资料库（仅作文字底本）", "cautionSimp": "王弼道藏本正文作「大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝。牝常以静胜牡，以静为下。故大国以下小国，则取小国；小国以下大国，则取大国。故或下以取，或下而取。大国不过欲兼畜人，小国不过欲入事人。夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下」，本站分六句。河上公题「谦德第六十一」；《玄德纂疏》题「大国者章第六十一」；吕惠卿、苏辙题「大国者下流章第六十一」；吴澄此章为其第五十二章，魏源此章为其第五十三章，王夫之标「六十一章」。诸本异文：陆希声、吕惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」；《玄德纂疏》所引经文作「天下之交牝」；王夫之正文作「大邦」，并作「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫两者各得其欲，故大者宜为下」；魏源移牝字作「常以静胜牡，牝以静为下」，校记谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文；傅奕作「大国者天下之下流」「以其静故为下也」，两「则取」下各有「于」字；司马本作「以其静为之下」；河上本一作「则聚于大国」「或下而聚」。正文从王弼道藏本，异文见校记。" }, "license": { "historical": "公有領域", "translation": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "code": "MIT" }, "stats": { "sentences": 6, "commentaries": 66, "charNotes": 13, "collations": 8 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "heshanggong", "name": "河上公章句", "short": "河上公", "author": "河上公", "work": "老子道德經章句", "era": "漢", "years": "傳漢文帝時", "color": "#a3542c", "desc": "分章句解，兼重治身與治國；此章題「謙德第六十一」，以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微，天下士民交會；牝為陰類、柔謙和而不唱，以安靜不先求勝男；能謙下則常有之，國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失；大國兼并牧畜、小國使為臣僕；末以大小各得其所、大國又宜謙下釋之。此章據四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；注十一條。", "count": 11, "nameSimp": "河上公章句", "workSimp": "老子道德经章句", "authorSimp": "河上公", "eraSimp": "汉", "yearsSimp": "传汉文帝时", "descSimp": "分章句解，兼重治身与治国；此章题「谦德第六十一」，以治大国当如居下流、不逆细微，天下士民交会；牝为阴类、柔谦和而不唱，以安静不先求胜男；能谦下则常有之，国无大小能执谦畜人则无过失；大国兼并牧畜、小国使为臣仆；末以大小各得其所、大国又宜谦下释之。此章据四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；注十一条。", "shortSimp": "河上公" }, { "id": "wangbi", "name": "王弼注", "short": "王注", "author": "王弼", "work": "老子道德經注", "era": "曹魏", "years": "226–249", "color": "#8c5a2b", "desc": "以崇本息末、無為為宗；此章注七條，以江海居大而處下、百川流之喻大國；天下所歸會為交，靜而不求、物自歸之為牝；牝以靜故能為下，雄躁動貪欲、雌常以靜故能勝雄；大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小國修下自全、大國修下則天下歸之，故大者宜為下。此章注據《道藏》本王弼《老子注》卷四。", "count": 7, "nameSimp": "王弼注", "workSimp": "老子道德经注", "authorSimp": "王弼", "eraSimp": "曹魏", "yearsSimp": "226–249", "descSimp": "以崇本息末、无为为宗；此章注七条，以江海居大而处下、百川流之喻大国；天下所归会为交，静而不求、物自归之为牝；牝以静故能为下，雄躁动贪欲、雌常以静故能胜雄；大国下小国则小国附之，小国下大国则大国纳之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小国修下自全、大国修下则天下归之，故大者宜为下。此章注据《道藏》本王弼《老子注》卷四。", "shortSimp": "王注" }, { "id": "chengxuanying", "name": "成玄英疏", "short": "成疏", "author": "成玄英", "work": "老子道德經義疏", "era": "唐", "years": "約 608–669", "color": "#6b7a4a", "desc": "以重玄雙遣為宗；此章《玄德纂疏》卷十六存章義與疏，分全章為三：初明接物謙和以靜攝躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大國虛容譬江海、萬邦歸往滿於郊郭釋下流之交；以牝雌靜勝牡雄躁明柔順為先；以用謙攝化、小國守分聚於大國釋兩取；以用下則同、取之則別釋「或」；末以大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下，即高者抑之之義。章義一則、疏七條。", "count": 8, "nameSimp": "成玄英疏", "workSimp": "老子道德经义疏", "authorSimp": "成玄英", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "约 608–669", "descSimp": "以重玄双遣为宗；此章《玄德纂疏》卷十六存章义与疏，分全章为三：初明接物谦和以静摄躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大国虚容譬江海、万邦归往满于郊郭释下流之交；以牝雌静胜牡雄躁明柔顺为先；以用谦摄化、小国守分聚于大国释两取；以用下则同、取之则别释「或」；末以大小俱用柔和而大国特宜偏行谦下，即高者抑之之义。章义一则、疏七条。", "shortSimp": "成疏" }, { "id": "tangxuanzong", "name": "唐玄宗御注御疏", "short": "御注", "author": "唐玄宗", "work": "道德真經注疏", "era": "唐", "years": "685–762", "color": "#9a4b3f", "desc": "御注簡質、御疏詳申，以理國修身並重；此章御注六條、御疏八條，分列。御注以謙德釋下流，大國當開納、天下之人交至；以牝雌靜常為牡動所求、由以靜為下；以大取小為臣妾、小取大為援助；以「以」為大取小、「而」為小取大；以兼畜、入事各求其所欲；末以常戒滿盈故云宜下。御疏以江海處眾流之下、有道則國存無德則人散申之；引《春秋》「師能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取；末以物未嘗以小輕大而必以大凌小，恐大國驕盈致禍，故特誡大者宜為謙下。此章據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引。", "count": 14, "nameSimp": "唐玄宗御注御疏", "workSimp": "道德真经注疏", "authorSimp": "唐玄宗", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "685–762", "descSimp": "御注简质、御疏详申，以理国修身并重；此章御注六条、御疏八条，分列。御注以谦德释下流，大国当开纳、天下之人交至；以牝雌静常为牡动所求、由以静为下；以大取小为臣妾、小取大为援助；以「以」为大取小、「而」为小取大；以兼畜、入事各求其所欲；末以常戒满盈故云宜下。御疏以江海处众流之下、有道则国存无德则人散申之；引《春秋》「师能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取；末以物未尝以小轻大而必以大凌小，恐大国骄盈致祸，故特诫大者宜为谦下。此章据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引。", "shortSimp": "御注" }, { "id": "yanzun", "name": "嚴遵指歸", "short": "嚴指歸", "author": "嚴遵", "work": "道德真經指歸", "era": "漢", "years": "約前 83–10", "color": "#7a5c3e", "desc": "以自然無為、道德性命為宗；《指歸》此章《玄德纂疏》卷十六存輯文一則，謂大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵、輕於鴻毛，不當矜貴。輯文一條。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "严遵指归", "workSimp": "道德真经指归", "authorSimp": "严遵", "eraSimp": "汉", "yearsSimp": "约前 83–10", "descSimp": "以自然无为、道德性命为宗；《指归》此章《玄德纂疏》卷十六存辑文一则，谓大国地广，有道则固于磐石、宁于泰山，失道则危于累卵、轻于鸿毛，不当矜贵。辑文一条。", "shortSimp": "严指归" }, { "id": "lirong", "name": "李榮注", "short": "李榮", "author": "李榮", "work": "道德真經注", "era": "唐", "years": "約 600–680", "color": "#5f6f8a", "desc": "以道本德用、修身治國並說為宗；此章六注，以交為會，海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會；牝雌而靜、牡雄而動，靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故謙撝伏跨企、柔弱勝剛強；以謙為德可以容人，未能卑退不可取聚；「或」者結二國；大國欲遠扇皇風、小國不過遐欽道化；末以俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、貴者凌賤，重誡大者以為下。此章據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引。", "count": 6, "nameSimp": "李荣注", "workSimp": "道德真经注", "authorSimp": "李荣", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "约 600–680", "descSimp": "以道本德用、修身治国并说为宗；此章六注，以交为会，海在众流之下、百川交归，理国者自视缺然则万国同会；牝雌而静、牡雄而动，静可制动、阴可屈阳，故谦㧑伏跨企、柔弱胜刚强；以谦为德可以容人，未能卑退不可取聚；「或」者结二国；大国欲远扇皇风、小国不过遐钦道化；末以俱称所怀、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、贵者凌贱，重诫大者以为下。此章据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引。", "shortSimp": "李荣" }, { "id": "luxisheng", "name": "陸希聲傳", "short": "陸傳", "author": "陸希聲", "work": "道德經傳", "era": "唐", "years": "？–895", "color": "#8a6f3a", "desc": "以體用、本末說經，長於政教；此章傳以眾國所歸釋大國、眾流所會釋下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝；牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝牡在柔靜能為物下；大國得術則取小國，小國得術則取大國；大國下小國是道之動故曰以取，小國下大國是道之用故曰而取；末以小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下。傳一段。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "陆希声传", "workSimp": "道德经传", "authorSimp": "陆希声", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "？–895", "descSimp": "以体用、本末说经，长于政教；此章传以众国所归释大国、众流所会释下流，故为天下之交、天下之牝；牝以卑静自守而为众牡所悦，其胜牡在柔静能为物下；大国得术则取小国，小国得术则取大国；大国下小国是道之动故曰以取，小国下大国是道之用故曰而取；末以小国自全、大国天下归之，故大国宜先下。传一段。", "shortSimp": "陆传" }, { "id": "lvhuiqing", "name": "呂惠卿傳", "short": "呂傳", "author": "呂惠卿", "work": "道德真經傳", "era": "宋", "years": "1032–1111", "color": "#6a7d5a", "desc": "以道體無知、守母為本；此章傳以知以道治國而不知交天下，則雖不傷人而有傷其人者；大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以靜勝牡、以靜為下，乃交天下而保其人之道；大之於小宜若可以無下，而下之者以取之故；小之於大不得不下而取之；末以大小莫不宜為下，而小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下。傳一段。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "吕惠卿传", "workSimp": "道德真经传", "authorSimp": "吕惠卿", "eraSimp": "宋", "yearsSimp": "1032–1111", "descSimp": "以道体无知、守母为本；此章传以知以道治国而不知交天下，则虽不伤人而有伤其人者；大国下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以静胜牡、以静为下，乃交天下而保其人之道；大之于小宜若可以无下，而下之者以取之故；小之于大不得不下而取之；末以大小莫不宜为下，而小不能下大则祸灾及之，故独曰大者宜为下。传一段。", "shortSimp": "吕传" }, { "id": "suzhe", "name": "蘇轍老子解", "short": "蘇解", "author": "蘇轍", "work": "老子解", "era": "宋", "years": "1039–1112", "color": "#5d7080", "desc": "以體道無知、無所施設為宗；此章四注，以天下之歸大國猶眾水之趨下流；眾動之赴靜猶眾高之赴下；大國能下則小國附之，小國能下則大國納之；大國下以取人，小國下而取於人；末句無注。解四條。", "count": 4, "nameSimp": "苏辙老子解", "workSimp": "老子解", "authorSimp": "苏辙", "eraSimp": "宋", "yearsSimp": "1039–1112", "descSimp": "以体道无知、无所施设为宗；此章四注，以天下之归大国犹众水之趋下流；众动之赴静犹众高之赴下；大国能下则小国附之，小国能下则大国纳之；大国下以取人，小国下而取于人；末句无注。解四条。", "shortSimp": "苏解" }, { "id": "wucheng", "name": "吳澄道德真經注", "short": "吳注", "author": "吳澄", "work": "道德真經注", "era": "元", "years": "1249–1333", "color": "#7b5f7a", "desc": "以理氣、斂退說經，兼重字義訓詁；此章為其第五十二章，注四條，以交為會，大國為諸小國之交會如水之下流；牝不先動以求牡，動求者招損、靜俟者受益，故以靜勝牡、以靜為下，並疑牝字其一衍；大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑，下以取、下而取分釋；末以兩者皆能下則各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下，大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下。", "count": 4, "nameSimp": "吴澄道德真经注", "workSimp": "道德真经注", "authorSimp": "吴澄", "eraSimp": "元", "yearsSimp": "1249–1333", "descSimp": "以理气、敛退说经，兼重字义训诂；此章为其第五十二章，注四条，以交为会，大国为诸小国之交会如水之下流；牝不先动以求牡，动求者招损、静俟者受益，故以静胜牡、以静为下，并疑牝字其一衍；大国不恃其尊、小国甘处于卑，下以取、下而取分释；末以两者皆能下则各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下，大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜为下。", "shortSimp": "吴注" }, { "id": "hanshan", "name": "憨山道德經解", "short": "憨山", "author": "釋德清", "work": "道德經解", "era": "明", "years": "1546–1623", "color": "#8a5f4a", "desc": "以真修、復性為本，兼重教化；此章正文作「夫兩者各得其欲，故大者宜為下」，以君天下當以靜勝為主、不可以力相尚；流之在下如江海眾水歸之，大國為天下之交、納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝；牡動牝靜，動則不育、靜能有生，故牝以靜勝牡，聖人無為而任物各遂其生，靜為群動之歸趨故以靜為下；大字小、小事大皆有以下之，取者得之易；末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德、知動不知靜。解一段，本站分五條。", "count": 5, "nameSimp": "憨山道德经解", "workSimp": "道德经解", "authorSimp": "释德清", "eraSimp": "明", "yearsSimp": "1546–1623", "descSimp": "以真修、复性为本，兼重教化；此章正文作「夫两者各得其欲，故大者宜为下」，以君天下当以静胜为主、不可以力相尚；流之在下如江海众水归之，大国为天下之交、纳污含垢、虚而能受如天下之牝；牡动牝静，动则不育、静能有生，故牝以静胜牡，圣人无为而任物各遂其生，静为群动之归趋故以静为下；大字小、小事大皆有以下之，取者得之易；末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，盖伤时诸侯以力不以德、知动不知静。解一段，本站分五条。", "shortSimp": "憨山" }, { "id": "weiyuan", "name": "魏源老子本義", "short": "魏源", "author": "魏源", "work": "老子本義", "era": "清", "years": "1794–1857", "color": "#5a6a5a", "desc": "以不盈務內為宗，博引諸家而斷以源案；此章為其第五十三章，正文從王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校記出焦竑、吳澄、陳象古、傅奕、司馬諸說，謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文；引吳澄以江海善下、牝不先動分喻大小；源案謂章首但言大國天下之交而不云小國天下之牝，蓋牝之為小不待言，而大者未必知法水之善下，故始終皆舉大為言。校記一條、引吳澄一條、源案一條。", "count": 3, "nameSimp": "魏源老子本义", "workSimp": "老子本义", "authorSimp": "魏源", "eraSimp": "清", "yearsSimp": "1794–1857", "descSimp": "以不盈务内为宗，博引诸家而断以源案；此章为其第五十三章，正文从王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校记出焦竑、吴澄、陈象古、傅奕、司马诸说，谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文；引吴澄以江海善下、牝不先动分喻大小；源案谓章首但言大国天下之交而不云小国天下之牝，盖牝之为小不待言，而大者未必知法水之善下，故始终皆举大为言。校记一条、引吴澄一条、源案一条。", "shortSimp": "魏源" }, { "id": "wangfuzhi", "name": "王夫之老子衍", "short": "船山", "author": "王夫之", "work": "老子衍", "era": "清", "years": "1619–1692", "color": "#6a5a7a", "desc": "以氣化、知幾立說；此章標「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙於受，受而動則名受實不受、欲受而動則實受名不受，天下相報以實、相爭以名；欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，實元動也；愈大則愈可受，靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。衍文一段。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "王夫之老子衍", "workSimp": "老子衍", "authorSimp": "王夫之", "eraSimp": "清", "yearsSimp": "1619–1692", "descSimp": "以气化、知几立说；此章标「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙于受，受而动则名受实不受、欲受而动则实受名不受，天下相报以实、相争以名；欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，实元动也；愈大则愈可受，静其欲、静其动，江海所以为百谷王。衍文一段。", "shortSimp": "船山" }, { "id": "translator", "name": "本站今譯", "short": "今譯", "author": "LibreBook 編者", "work": "今譯", "era": "當代", "years": "", "color": "#8a8a8a", "desc": "編者據舊注與上下文所作語體今譯，供閱讀參照。", "count": 6, "nameSimp": "本站今译", "workSimp": "今译", "authorSimp": "LibreBook 编者", "eraSimp": "当代", "yearsSimp": "", "descSimp": "编者据旧注与上下文所作语体今译，供阅读参照。", "shortSimp": "今译" } ], "sentences": [ { "id": "s001", "paragraph": 1, "text": "大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝。", "textSimp": "大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝。", "translation": "大国，就像江河的下游，是天下百川交会的地方，是天下雌柔的象征。", "translationTrad": "大國，就像江河的下游，是天下百川交會的地方，是天下雌柔的象徵。", "noteIds": [ "c001", "c002", "c003", "c012", "c013", "c014", "c019", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c041", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c050", "c054", "c058", "c059", "c066" ], "noteCount": 19, "charNoteIds": [ "n001", "n002", "n003" ], "key": "laozi-61:s001", "n": 1 }, { "id": "s002", "paragraph": 1, "text": "牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下。", "textSimp": "牝常以静胜牡，以静为下。", "translation": "雌柔常以安静胜过雄强，正因为它用安静居于下位。", "translationTrad": "雌柔常以安靜勝過雄強，正因為它用安靜居於下位。", "noteIds": [ "c004", "c005", "c015", "c021", "c028", "c034", "c035", "c043", "c048", "c049", "c051", "c055", "c060", "c063", "c066" ], "noteCount": 15, "charNoteIds": [ "n004", "n005", "n006" ], "key": "laozi-61:s002", "n": 2 }, { "id": "s003", "paragraph": 1, "text": "故大國以下小國，則取小國；小國以下大國，則取大國。", "textSimp": "故大国以下小国，则取小国；小国以下大国，则取大国。", "translation": "所以大国以谦下对待小国，就能取得小国；小国以谦下对待大国，就能取得大国。", "translationTrad": "所以大國以謙下對待小國，就能取得小國；小國以謙下對待大國，就能取得大國。", "noteIds": [ "c006", "c007", "c016", "c022", "c023", "c029", "c036", "c037", "c044", "c048", "c049", "c052", "c056", "c061", "c066" ], "noteCount": 15, "charNoteIds": [ "n007" ], "key": "laozi-61:s003", "n": 3 }, { "id": "s004", "paragraph": 1, "text": "故或下以取，或下而取。", "textSimp": "故或下以取，或下而取。", "translation": "所以有的以谦下而取得，有的以谦下而被取得。", "translationTrad": "所以有的以謙下而取得，有的以謙下而被取得。", "noteIds": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c066" ], "noteCount": 10, "charNoteIds": [ "n008", "n009" ], "key": "laozi-61:s004", "n": 4 }, { "id": "s005", "paragraph": 1, "text": "大國不過欲兼畜人，小國不過欲入事人。", "textSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人，小国不过欲入事人。", "translation": "大国不过想要兼并畜养小国，小国不过想要加入事奉大国。", "translationTrad": "大國不過想要兼併畜養小國，小國不過想要加入事奉大國。", "noteIds": [ "c009", "c010", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ], "noteCount": 12, "charNoteIds": [ "n010", "n011" ], "key": "laozi-61:s005", "n": 5 }, { "id": "s006", "paragraph": 1, "text": "夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下。", "textSimp": "夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下。", "translation": "两者各自得到想要的，所以大的一方更应该谦下。", "translationTrad": "兩者各自得到想要的，所以大的一方更應該謙下。", "noteIds": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c064", "c065", "c066" ], "noteCount": 11, "charNoteIds": [ "n012", "n013" ], "key": "laozi-61:s006", "n": 6 } ], "commentaries": [ { "id": "c001", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "治大國", "kind": "note", "text": "治大國當如居下流，不逆細微。", "authorNote": "河上公此章據四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；河上公題「謙德第六十一」。", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "治大国当如居下流，不逆细微。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）（河上公此章據四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；河上公題「謙德第六十一」。）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "河上公此章据四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；河上公题「谦德第六十一」。", "lemmaSimp": "治大国" }, { "id": "c002", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "天下之交", "kind": "note", "text": "大國者，天下士民之所交會。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "大国者，天下士民之所交会。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交" }, { "id": "c003", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "天下之牝", "kind": "note", "text": "牝者，陰類也，柔謙和而不唱也。", "authorNote": "四部叢刊本轉錄作「柔謙和而不昌」，據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引校作「不唱」。", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "牝者，阴类也，柔谦和而不唱也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）（四部叢刊本轉錄作「柔謙和而不昌」，據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引校作「不唱」。）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "四部丛刊本转录作「柔谦和而不昌」，据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引校作「不唱」。", "lemmaSimp": "天下之牝" }, { "id": "c004", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "牝常以靜勝牡", "kind": "note", "text": "女所以勝屈於男，陰勝陽，以安靜不先求之也。", "authorNote": "四部叢刊本轉錄作「以安盡不先求之也」，據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引校作「以安靜不先求之也」。", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "女所以胜屈于男，阴胜阳，以安静不先求之也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）（四部叢刊本轉錄作「以安盡不先求之也」，據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引校作「以安靜不先求之也」。）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "四部丛刊本转录作「以安尽不先求之也」，据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引校作「以安静不先求之也」。", "lemmaSimp": "牝常以静胜牡" }, { "id": "c005", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "以靜為下", "kind": "note", "text": "陰道以安靜為謙下。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "阴道以安静为谦下。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "以静为下" }, { "id": "c006", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "則取小國", "kind": "note", "text": "能謙下之，則常有之。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "能谦下之，则常有之。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "则取小国" }, { "id": "c007", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "則取大國", "kind": "note", "text": "此言國無大小，能執謙畜人，則無過失也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "此言国无大小，能执谦畜人，则无过失也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "则取大国" }, { "id": "c008", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "或下以取", "kind": "note", "text": "下者，謂大國以下小國，小國以下大國，更以義相取。", "authorNote": "《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引作「更以義讓相取」。", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "下者，谓大国以下小国，小国以下大国，更以义相取。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引作「更以義讓相取」。）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引作「更以义让相取」。", "lemmaSimp": "或下以取" }, { "id": "c009", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "大國不可失，則兼并人國而牧畜之。", "authorNote": "四部叢刊本作「兼并人國」，《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引作「兼并小國」。", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "大国不可失，则兼并人国而牧畜之。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）（四部叢刊本作「兼并人國」，《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引作「兼并小國」。）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "四部丛刊本作「兼并人国」，《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引作「兼并小国」。", "lemmaSimp": "兼畜人" }, { "id": "c010", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "入事人", "kind": "note", "text": "使為臣僕。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "使为臣仆。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "入事人" }, { "id": "c011", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s006", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "大者宜為下", "kind": "note", "text": "大國小國各欲得其所，大國又宜為謙下。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "大国小国各欲得其所，大国又宜为谦下。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "大者宜为下" }, { "id": "c012", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "江海居大而處下，則百川流之；大國居大而處下，則天下流之，故曰大國下流也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "江海居大而处下，则百川流之；大国居大而处下，则天下流之，故曰大国下流也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c013", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "天下之交", "kind": "note", "text": "天下所歸會也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "天下所归会也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交" }, { "id": "c014", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "天下之牝", "kind": "note", "text": "靜而不求，物自歸之也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "静而不求，物自归之也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之牝" }, { "id": "c015", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "牝常以靜勝牡", "kind": "note", "text": "以其靜故能為下也。牝，雌也。雄躁動貪欲，雌常以靜，故能勝雄也。以其靜復能為下，故物歸之也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "以其静故能为下也。牝，雌也。雄躁动贪欲，雌常以静，故能胜雄也。以其静复能为下，故物归之也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "牝常以静胜牡" }, { "id": "c016", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "大國以下，猶云以大國下小國，則取小國，小國則附之；小國以下大國，則取大國，大國納之也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "大国以下，犹云以大国下小国，则取小国，小国则附之；小国以下大国，则取大国，大国纳之也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c017", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "故或下以取", "kind": "note", "text": "言唯修卑下，然後乃各得其所。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "言唯修卑下，然后乃各得其所。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "故或下以取" }, { "id": "c018", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "大國不過欲兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "小國修下自全而已，不能令天下歸之；大國修下則天下歸之，故曰各得其所欲，則大者宜為下也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "小国修下自全而已，不能令天下归之；大国修下则天下归之，故曰各得其所欲，则大者宜为下也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人" }, { "id": "c019", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者章", "kind": "note", "text": "大國章所以次前者，前章明用道無為而能降伏魔試，故次此章，即明用道接物、守能謙和。就此一章，義開三別：第一明接物謙和以靜攝躁，第二明小大守分各有雌柔，第三明高者抑之以息跨企。", "authorNote": "此為成玄英章義，據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英題「大國者章第六十一」。", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "大国章所以次前者，前章明用道无为而能降伏魔试，故次此章，即明用道接物、守能谦和。就此一章，义开三别：第一明接物谦和以静摄躁，第二明小大守分各有雌柔，第三明高者抑之以息跨企。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）（此為成玄英章義，據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英題「大國者章第六十一」。）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为成玄英章义，据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英题「大国者章第六十一」。", "lemmaSimp": "大国者章" }, { "id": "c020", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "大國即萬乘之邦，郊郭外也。之，往也。言大國虛容，譬於江海，眾流之下，故百川競注；大國用道謙柔，故萬邦歸往，朝宗慕義，滿於郊郭也。本亦交字者，言大國行謙，故與小國交會也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "大国即万乘之邦，郊郭外也。之，往也。言大国虚容，譬于江海，众流之下，故百川竞注；大国用道谦柔，故万邦归往，朝宗慕义，满于郊郭也。本亦交字者，言大国行谦，故与小国交会也。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c021", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "天下之交", "kind": "note", "text": "天下之交，迭前生後也。牝，雌靜也；牡，雄躁也。言大國所以能令諸國款付而交會者，常用謙和雌靜，故能勝於雄躁也。若用剛躁，則不能致也。是知治身治國，莫不以柔順為先也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "天下之交，迭前生后也。牝，雌静也；牡，雄躁也。言大国所以能令诸国款付而交会者，常用谦和雌静，故能胜于雄躁也。若用刚躁，则不能致也。是知治身治国，莫不以柔顺为先也。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交" }, { "id": "c022", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "以，用也；下，謙遜也；取，攝化也。言聖人君臨大國，善用謙和，故能攝化萬邦，遐邇款付，重譯來貢，不亦宜乎。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "以，用也；下，谦逊也；取，摄化也。言圣人君临大国，善用谦和，故能摄化万邦，遐迩款付，重译来贡，不亦宜乎。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c023", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "小國以下大國", "kind": "note", "text": "小國自知卑下，守分雌柔，聚於大國之中，欽風慕義爾。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "小国自知卑下，守分雌柔，聚于大国之中，钦风慕义尔。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "小国以下大国" }, { "id": "c024", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "故或下以取", "kind": "note", "text": "或，不定也。言小國用柔故取於大國，大國用下故取得萬國之歡心；用下則同，取之則別，故言或也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "或，不定也。言小国用柔故取于大国，大国用下故取得万国之欢心；用下则同，取之则别，故言或也。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "故或下以取" }, { "id": "c025", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "大國不過欲兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "大國所以用謙者，更無餘意，不過欲兼愛畜養小國；小國用柔者，亦無餘心，不過欲入大國之中，慕德接事。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "大国所以用谦者，更无余意，不过欲兼爱畜养小国；小国用柔者，亦无余心，不过欲入大国之中，慕德接事。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人" }, { "id": "c026", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s006", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "兩者各得其所欲", "kind": "note", "text": "兩者謂大小二國，兼畜入事，各遂其心。雖復大小俱用柔和，而大國特宜偏行謙下。何者？夫物必以大輕小，未嘗以小凌大，故令大者為下，此則高者抑之之義也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "两者谓大小二国，兼畜入事，各遂其心。虽复大小俱用柔和，而大国特宜偏行谦下。何者？夫物必以大轻小，未尝以小凌大，故令大者为下，此则高者抑之之义也。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "两者各得其所欲" }, { "id": "c027", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "下流者，謙德也。大國當下流開納，天下之人交至矣。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "下流者，谦德也。大国当下流开纳，天下之人交至矣。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c028", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "天下之交牝", "kind": "note", "text": "天下之人交至者，歸於謙德，則如牝以雌靜，常為牡動所求，由以靜為下。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "天下之人交至者，归于谦德，则如牝以雌静，常为牡动所求，由以静为下。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交牝" }, { "id": "c029", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "大取小以為臣妾，小取大以為援助。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "大取小以为臣妾，小取大以为援助。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c030", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "故或下以取", "kind": "note", "text": "以者，大取小；而者，小取大。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "以者，大取小；而者，小取大。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "故或下以取" }, { "id": "c031", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "大國不過欲兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "大國執謙德而下小國者，不過欲兼畜小國為臣妾；小國贄貢賦以奉大國者，不過欲入事大國為援助爾。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "大国执谦德而下小国者，不过欲兼畜小国为臣妾；小国贽贡赋以奉大国者，不过欲入事大国为援助尔。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人" }, { "id": "c032", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s006", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "兩者各得其所欲", "kind": "note", "text": "一求臣妾，一求援助，是兩者各求得其所欲。然大國者常戒於滿盈，故云宜下。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "一求臣妾，一求援助，是两者各求得其所欲。然大国者常戒于满盈，故云宜下。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "两者各得其所欲" }, { "id": "c033", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "江海處眾流之下，百川委輸，故曰下流，施之於人是謙德也。夫人君者，有道則國存，無德則人散，故處大國者當下流開納，令天下之人交會而至，則能全其大，故曰下流天下之交。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "江海处众流之下，百川委输，故曰下流，施之于人是谦德也。夫人君者，有道则国存，无德则人散，故处大国者当下流开纳，令天下之人交会而至，则能全其大，故曰下流天下之交。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c034", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "天下之交牝", "kind": "note", "text": "天下之交，疊出前文，以結下流之義也。言天下之人所以交會至者，猶大國謙下之故，喻如牝者常以雌靜致為牡動者所求，故云牝常以靜勝牡。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "天下之交，叠出前文，以结下流之义也。言天下之人所以交会至者，犹大国谦下之故，喻如牝者常以雌静致为牡动者所求，故云牝常以静胜牡。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交牝" }, { "id": "c035", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "以靜為下", "kind": "note", "text": "前云天下之人所以交會而至者，由人君用謙卑之道，則如牝者常以雌靜為牡動所求；此云以靜為下，則明牝常以雌靜而能勝牡者，由以靜為下故爾。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "前云天下之人所以交会而至者，由人君用谦卑之道，则如牝者常以雌静为牡动所求；此云以静为下，则明牝常以雌静而能胜牡者，由以静为下故尔。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "以静为下" }, { "id": "c036", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "故者，仍上之文以結成前義也。言大國之君所以不事威武而用謙卑之德以柔服之者，將欲懷來附庸之君，取其小國之人而為臣妾爾。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "故者，仍上之文以结成前义也。言大国之君所以不事威武而用谦卑之德以柔服之者，将欲怀来附庸之君，取其小国之人而为臣妾尔。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c037", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "小國以下大國", "kind": "note", "text": "言大國之君既以謙卑之道而柔服小國，小國之君則朝聘會盟不敢離叛，以卑下之禮而事大國者，則欲取大國之威以為援助爾。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "言大国之君既以谦卑之道而柔服小国，小国之君则朝聘会盟不敢离叛，以卑下之礼而事大国者，则欲取大国之威以为援助尔。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "小国以下大国" }, { "id": "c038", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "故或下以取", "kind": "note", "text": "《春秋》曰：師能左右之曰以。或下以取者，言大國用謙卑之道以取小國，則能令其可左可右，故云以取；或下而取者，言小國用謙下之道歸事大國，但可承奉而求援助，不能令其左右隨意，故云而取。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "《春秋》曰：师能左右之曰以。或下以取者，言大国用谦卑之道以取小国，则能令其可左可右，故云以取；或下而取者，言小国用谦下之道归事大国，但可承奉而求援助，不能令其左右随意，故云而取。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "故或下以取" }, { "id": "c039", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "大國不過欲兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "言大國崇謙下以取小國者，更無餘意，不過欲兼畜小國之人為之君長；小國用謙陳薦贄幣而取大國者，不過欲入事大國資為援助。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "言大国崇谦下以取小国者，更无余意，不过欲兼畜小国之人为之君长；小国用谦陈荐贽币而取大国者，不过欲入事大国资为援助。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人" }, { "id": "c040", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s006", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "兩者各得其所欲", "kind": "note", "text": "大欲畜養，小欲入事，兩遂其願，故云各得。大者宜為下者，夫物未嘗以小輕大，而必以大凌小，將恐大國之君驕盈致禍，鮮能下下，故誡云大者特宜為謙下爾。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "大欲畜养，小欲入事，两遂其愿，故云各得。大者宜为下者，夫物未尝以小轻大，而必以大凌小，将恐大国之君骄盈致祸，鲜能下下，故诫云大者特宜为谦下尔。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "两者各得其所欲" }, { "id": "c041", "block": 0, "source": "yanzun", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者", "kind": "note", "text": "嚴曰：大國者，地廣也。有道則固於磐石，寧於泰山；失道則危於累卵，輕於鴻毛，不當矜貴。", "authorNote": "此為《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引嚴遵輯文；嚴遵此章輯文一則。", "citation": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引輯文）", "textSimp": "严曰：大国者，地广也。有道则固于磐石，宁于泰山；失道则危于累卵，轻于鸿毛，不当矜贵。", "citationFull": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引輯文）（此為《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引嚴遵輯文；嚴遵此章輯文一則。）", "citationSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引辑文）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引严遵辑文；严遵此章辑文一则。", "lemmaSimp": "大国者" }, { "id": "c042", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "天下之交", "kind": "note", "text": "交，會也。海在乎眾流之下，百川於是交歸；理國者自視缺然，萬國所以同會也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "交，会也。海在乎众流之下，百川于是交归；理国者自视缺然，万国所以同会也。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交" }, { "id": "c043", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "牝常以靜勝牡", "kind": "note", "text": "牝雌而靜，牡雄而動。夫靜可以制動，陰可以屈陽，故知謙撝伏跨企，柔弱勝剛強也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "牝雌而静，牡雄而动。夫静可以制动，阴可以屈阳，故知谦㧑伏跨企，柔弱胜刚强也。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "牝常以静胜牡" }, { "id": "c044", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "以謙為德，可以容人；未能卑退，不可取聚。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "以谦为德，可以容人；未能卑退，不可取聚。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c045", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "故或下以取", "kind": "note", "text": "結二國也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "结二国也。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "故或下以取" }, { "id": "c046", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "大國不過欲兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "國之大也，必欲遠扇於皇風；境之小焉，不過遐欽於道化。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "国之大也，必欲远扇于皇风；境之小焉，不过遐钦于道化。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人" }, { "id": "c047", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s006", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "兩者各得其所欲", "kind": "note", "text": "扇皇風者遠覃於聲教，欽道化者來服於禮儀，俱稱所懷，各得所欲。衣冠是一，文軌大同，仍恐大者蔑小、貴者凌賤，重誡大者以為下。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "textSimp": "扇皇风者远覃于声教，钦道化者来服于礼仪，俱称所怀，各得所欲。衣冠是一，文轨大同，仍恐大者蔑小、贵者凌贱，重诫大者以为下。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）", "lemmaSimp": "两者各得其所欲" }, { "id": "c048", "block": 0, "source": "luxisheng", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "大國者，眾國之所歸；下流者，眾流之所會。眾流之所會，故為天下之交；眾國之所歸，故為天下之牝。牝之為言，以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅者也。夫牝之所以常勝於牡者，非以其柔且靜，復能為物之下乎？然則雌靜卑下之術，果可以勝躁動強梁者也。故大國之君得此術則取小國，小國之君得此術則取大國。大國下小國，是道之動，故曰或下以取；小國下大國，是道之用，故曰或下而取。大國之意不過欲兼畜小國以成其大，小國之意不過欲入事大國以存其小。將使小大各得其所願，則大國之君宜先下小國，小國之君必欣然而入於大國。夫如此則真所謂天下之交牝矣。夫小國而下大國，不過自全而已；大國以下小國，則天下歸之，是以大國宜先下也。", "authorNote": "陸希聲此章正文重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」，「不過」誤刻「不遇」，「兼畜」作「兼蓄」，「小國以下大國」誤刻「小國而下大國」；傳一段通釋全章。", "citation": "陸希聲《道德經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "大国者，众国之所归；下流者，众流之所会。众流之所会，故为天下之交；众国之所归，故为天下之牝。牝之为言，以卑静自守而为众牡所悦者也。夫牝之所以常胜于牡者，非以其柔且静，复能为物之下乎？然则雌静卑下之术，果可以胜躁动强梁者也。故大国之君得此术则取小国，小国之君得此术则取大国。大国下小国，是道之动，故曰或下以取；小国下大国，是道之用，故曰或下而取。大国之意不过欲兼畜小国以成其大，小国之意不过欲入事大国以存其小。将使小大各得其所愿，则大国之君宜先下小国，小国之君必欣然而入于大国。夫如此则真所谓天下之交牝矣。夫小国而下大国，不过自全而已；大国以下小国，则天下归之，是以大国宜先下也。", "citationFull": "陸希聲《道德經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）（陸希聲此章正文重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」，「不過」誤刻「不遇」，「兼畜」作「兼蓄」，「小國以下大國」誤刻「小國而下大國」；傳一段通釋全章。）", "citationSimp": "陆希声《道德经传》（《道藏》本卷四）", "authorNoteSimp": "陆希声此章正文重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」，「不过」误刻「不遇」，「兼畜」作「兼蓄」，「小国以下大国」误刻「小国而下大国」；传一段通释全章。", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c049", "block": 0, "source": "lvhuiqing", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "傳曰：知以道治其國，固不傷其人矣，而不知所以交天下者，則已雖不傷人，而有傷其人者矣。大國者下流，天下之交；天下之牝，牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下，是乃所以交天下而保其人之道也。蓋天下之交牝，而牝常以靜勝牡，而所以勝者，由以靜為下故也。大國誠能居下流以致天下之交，則牝以靜為下而勝牡之道也。故大國以下小國則取小國，則所謂或下以取之也；下以取之者，言大之於小宜若可以無下，而下之者以取之故也。小國以下大國則取大國，則所謂或下而取之者也；下而取之者，言小之於大不得不下而取之故也。蓋大國不過欲兼畜人，而小國不過欲入事人，今大者下小，小復下大，兩者各得其所欲，則其有不取之者乎？取之者，言得其心而不失之謂也。然則大者小者莫不宜為下，而獨曰大者宜為下何也？小而不能下大，非徒不能取大國，而亦禍災及之矣，則不嫌於不宜，故曰大者宜為下而已。", "authorNote": "呂惠卿此章正文重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」，章題「大國者下流章第六十一」；傳一段通釋全章。", "citation": "呂惠卿《道德真經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "传曰：知以道治其国，固不伤其人矣，而不知所以交天下者，则已虽不伤人，而有伤其人者矣。大国者下流，天下之交；天下之牝，牝常以静胜牡，以静为下，是乃所以交天下而保其人之道也。盖天下之交牝，而牝常以静胜牡，而所以胜者，由以静为下故也。大国诚能居下流以致天下之交，则牝以静为下而胜牡之道也。故大国以下小国则取小国，则所谓或下以取之也；下以取之者，言大之于小宜若可以无下，而下之者以取之故也。小国以下大国则取大国，则所谓或下而取之者也；下而取之者，言小之于大不得不下而取之故也。盖大国不过欲兼畜人，而小国不过欲入事人，今大者下小，小复下大，两者各得其所欲，则其有不取之者乎？取之者，言得其心而不失之谓也。然则大者小者莫不宜为下，而独曰大者宜为下何也？小而不能下大，非徒不能取大国，而亦祸灾及之矣，则不嫌于不宜，故曰大者宜为下而已。", "citationFull": "呂惠卿《道德真經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）（呂惠卿此章正文重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」，章題「大國者下流章第六十一」；傳一段通釋全章。）", "citationSimp": "吕惠卿《道德真经传》（《道藏》本卷四）", "authorNoteSimp": "吕惠卿此章正文重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」，章题「大国者下流章第六十一」；传一段通释全章。", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c050", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "天下之歸大國，猶眾水之趨下流也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "textSimp": "天下之归大国，犹众水之趋下流也。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c051", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "天下之牝", "kind": "note", "text": "眾動之赴靜，猶眾高之赴下也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "textSimp": "众动之赴静，犹众高之赴下也。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之牝" }, { "id": "c052", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "大國能下則小國附之，小國能下則大國納之。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "textSimp": "大国能下则小国附之，小国能下则大国纳之。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c053", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "故或下以取", "kind": "note", "text": "大國下以取人，小國下而取於人。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "textSimp": "大国下以取人，小国下而取于人。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷三）", "lemmaSimp": "故或下以取" }, { "id": "c054", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "天下之交", "kind": "note", "text": "交，會也。大國者，諸小國之交會，如水之下流，為天下眾水之交會也。", "authorNote": "吳澄此章為其第五十二章。", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "交，会也。大国者，诸小国之交会，如水之下流，为天下众水之交会也。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）（吳澄此章為其第五十二章。）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "authorNoteSimp": "吴澄此章为其第五十二章。", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交" }, { "id": "c055", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "天下之牝", "kind": "note", "text": "牝不先動以求牡，牡常先動以求牝，動求者招損，靜俟者受益，故曰以靜勝牡；動求者居上，靜俟者居下，故曰以靜為下。或曰：牝字其一疑衍。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "牝不先动以求牡，牡常先动以求牝，动求者招损，静俟者受益，故曰以静胜牡；动求者居上，静俟者居下，故曰以静为下。或曰：牝字其一疑衍。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之牝" }, { "id": "c056", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "大國不恃其尊，謙降以下小國，則能致小國之樂附；小國甘處於卑，俯伏以下大國，則能得大國之見容。下以取謂大國能下以取小國之附，下而取謂小國能下而取大國之容也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "大国不恃其尊，谦降以下小国，则能致小国之乐附；小国甘处于卑，俯伏以下大国，则能得大国之见容。下以取谓大国能下以取小国之附，下而取谓小国能下而取大国之容也。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c057", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "大國不過欲兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "大國下小國者，欲兼畜小國而已；小國下大國者，欲入事大國而已。兩者皆能下則大小各得其所欲，然小者素在人下，不患乎不能下；大者非在人下，或恐其不能下，故曰大者宜為下。章首下流之喻，以喻大國非在人下而能下者；牝牡之喻，以喻小國素在人下而能下者。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "大国下小国者，欲兼畜小国而已；小国下大国者，欲入事大国而已。两者皆能下则大小各得其所欲，然小者素在人下，不患乎不能下；大者非在人下，或恐其不能下，故曰大者宜为下。章首下流之喻，以喻大国非在人下而能下者；牝牡之喻，以喻小国素在人下而能下者。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人" }, { "id": "c058", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "大國者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "此言君天下者，當以靜勝為主，不可以力相尚也。", "authorNote": "憨山此段原為一整段，本站分為五條。", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "此言君天下者，当以静胜为主，不可以力相尚也。", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）（憨山此段原為一整段，本站分為五條。）", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》（公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "憨山此段原为一整段，本站分为五条。", "lemmaSimp": "大国者下流" }, { "id": "c059", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "天下之交", "kind": "note", "text": "夫流之在下者，如江海，眾水歸之，故大國之在天下，眾望歸之，故如流之在下，以為天下之交。納污含垢，無所不容，又虛而能受，如天下之牝也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "夫流之在下者，如江海，众水归之，故大国之在天下，众望归之，故如流之在下，以为天下之交。纳污含垢，无所不容，又虚而能受，如天下之牝也。", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》（公开转录本）", "lemmaSimp": "天下之交" }, { "id": "c060", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "牝常以靜勝牡", "kind": "note", "text": "凡物之雌曰牝，雄曰牡，牡動而牝靜，動則不育，靜能有生，是牝以靜勝牡也。以此譬喻聖人之德。然聖人為天下牝者，以天下之人衣食皆賴之以生，爵祿皆賴之以榮，萬幾並集於一人，故君道無為，而皆任其所欲，各遂其所生，所謂萬物皆往資焉而不匱，此似牝以靜勝牡也。是則靜為群動之歸趨，故以靜為下。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "凡物之雌曰牝，雄曰牡，牡动而牝静，动则不育，静能有生，是牝以静胜牡也。以此譬喻圣人之德。然圣人为天下牝者，以天下之人衣食皆赖之以生，爵禄皆赖之以荣，万几并集于一人，故君道无为，而皆任其所欲，各遂其所生，所谓万物皆往资焉而不匮，此似牝以静胜牡也。是则静为群动之归趋，故以静为下。", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》（公开转录本）", "lemmaSimp": "牝常以静胜牡" }, { "id": "c061", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "故大國以下小國", "kind": "note", "text": "大字小，小事大，皆有以下之也。取者，得之易也。大字小如母育子，小事大如子奉母，精神相孚，相得最易，故如掇之也。然大字小必有所容，故曰或下以取，以猶左右之也；小事大必有所忍，故曰或下而取，而，因而取之也。皆無妄動之過，故交歸焉。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "大字小，小事大，皆有以下之也。取者，得之易也。大字小如母育子，小事大如子奉母，精神相孚，相得最易，故如掇之也。然大字小必有所容，故曰或下以取，以犹左右之也；小事大必有所忍，故曰或下而取，而，因而取之也。皆无妄动之过，故交归焉。", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》（公开转录本）", "lemmaSimp": "故大国以下小国" }, { "id": "c062", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "大國不過欲兼畜人", "kind": "note", "text": "且大國之欲不過兼畜人，非容無以成其大；小國之欲不過入事人，非忍無以濟其事。兩者既各得其所欲，而大者更宜下，何也？以大國素尊，難於下耳，故特勉之。此老子見當時諸侯專於征伐，以力不以德，知動不知靜，徒見相服之難，而不知下之一字為至簡之術，蓋傷時之論也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "且大国之欲不过兼畜人，非容无以成其大；小国之欲不过入事人，非忍无以济其事。两者既各得其所欲，而大者更宜下，何也？以大国素尊，难于下耳，故特勉之。此老子见当时诸侯专于征伐，以力不以德，知动不知静，徒见相服之难，而不知下之一字为至简之术，盖伤时之论也。", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》（公开转录本）", "lemmaSimp": "大国不过欲兼畜人" }, { "id": "c063", "block": 0, "source": "weiyuan", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "常以靜勝牡", "kind": "note", "text": "校記：魏源此章正文從王弼、河上本，惟移牝字，作「大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝。常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」。焦竑謂一本作「天下之交牝」，無中間「天下之」三字，又一本無「以靜為下」四字；吳澄謂下牝字疑衍，源案吳說得之而未盡，蓋下牝字當在牡字之下，乃倒文，非衍文也；陳象古讀「牝當以靜勝」斷句、「牡以靜為下」斷句，亦非。首句傅奕作「大國者天下之下流」，五句作「以其靜故為下也」，司馬本作「以其靜為之下」。傅奕兩「則取」下各有「于」字，河上本一作「則聚于大國」「或下而聚」；「兩者」上各本有「夫」字；「故大者宜為下」，一本無「故」字，一本作「為之下」。", "authorNote": "此為魏源《老子本義》校記；魏源此章為其第五十三章。", "citation": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "校记：魏源此章正文从王弼、河上本，惟移牝字，作「大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝。常以静胜牡，牝以静为下」。焦竑谓一本作「天下之交牝」，无中间「天下之」三字，又一本无「以静为下」四字；吴澄谓下牝字疑衍，源案吴说得之而未尽，盖下牝字当在牡字之下，乃倒文，非衍文也；陈象古读「牝当以静胜」断句、「牡以静为下」断句，亦非。首句傅奕作「大国者天下之下流」，五句作「以其静故为下也」，司马本作「以其静为之下」。傅奕两「则取」下各有「于」字，河上本一作「则聚于大国」「或下而聚」；「两者」上各本有「夫」字；「故大者宜为下」，一本无「故」字，一本作「为之下」。", "citationFull": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）（此為魏源《老子本義》校記；魏源此章為其第五十三章。）", "citationSimp": "魏源《老子本义》（下篇，公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为魏源《老子本义》校记；魏源此章为其第五十三章。", "lemmaSimp": "常以静胜牡" }, { "id": "c064", "block": 0, "source": "weiyuan", "target": { "start": "s006", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "大者宜為下", "kind": "note", "text": "吳氏澄曰：大國非在人下而能下人，猶江海善下而為眾水之交會也。小國本居人下而能下人，猶牝不先動以求牡，而能以居下之靜俟，致居上者之動求也。故下文即承二喻而分言之：大國不恃其尊，則小國樂附；小國能安其卑，則得大國歡心。是大國能謙下以取小國之附，小國以屈下而取大國之容也。然小者素在人下，不患乎不能下，故末專曰大者宜為下。", "authorNote": "此為魏源所引吳澄說。", "citation": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "吴氏澄曰：大国非在人下而能下人，犹江海善下而为众水之交会也。小国本居人下而能下人，犹牝不先动以求牡，而能以居下之静俟，致居上者之动求也。故下文即承二喻而分言之：大国不恃其尊，则小国乐附；小国能安其卑，则得大国欢心。是大国能谦下以取小国之附，小国以屈下而取大国之容也。然小者素在人下，不患乎不能下，故末专曰大者宜为下。", "citationFull": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）（此為魏源所引吳澄說。）", "citationSimp": "魏源《老子本义》（下篇，公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为魏源所引吴澄说。", "lemmaSimp": "大者宜为下" }, { "id": "c065", "block": 0, "source": "weiyuan", "target": { "start": "s006", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "大者宜為下", "kind": "note", "text": "源案：章首但言大國天下之交，而不云小國天下之牝者，蓋牝之為小不待言，而大者則未必知法水之善下，故始終皆舉大為言也。人各有欲，而不知所以得遂其欲之道：如大國之所欲者，不過兼畜乎人耳，小國之所欲者，不過見容於人耳，此天下之常情，而今皆以能下得之，則下之為用也至矣。故凡天下之物，雖大者必宜下。林氏希逸曰：此章全意歸重末語，蓋兼畜乎人、人事乎人，兩者皆非自下不可，惟能自下則兩得其欲，然則知道者常以謙下為宜矣，意謂強者須能弱、有者須能無，始為知道也。全書多此旨，而說者多以喻處為實義，惟黃茂材謂此章全是借喻明道之言者得之，但未知推之他章耳。", "authorNote": "此為魏源《老子本義》源案，末引林希逸、黃茂材。", "citation": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "源案：章首但言大国天下之交，而不云小国天下之牝者，盖牝之为小不待言，而大者则未必知法水之善下，故始终皆举大为言也。人各有欲，而不知所以得遂其欲之道：如大国之所欲者，不过兼畜乎人耳，小国之所欲者，不过见容于人耳，此天下之常情，而今皆以能下得之，则下之为用也至矣。故凡天下之物，虽大者必宜下。林氏希逸曰：此章全意归重末语，盖兼畜乎人、人事乎人，两者皆非自下不可，惟能自下则两得其欲，然则知道者常以谦下为宜矣，意谓强者须能弱、有者须能无，始为知道也。全书多此旨，而说者多以喻处为实义，惟黄茂材谓此章全是借喻明道之言者得之，但未知推之他章耳。", "citationFull": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）（此為魏源《老子本義》源案，末引林希逸、黃茂材。）", "citationSimp": "魏源《老子本义》（下篇，公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为魏源《老子本义》源案，末引林希逸、黄茂材。", "lemmaSimp": "大者宜为下" }, { "id": "c066", "block": 0, "source": "wangfuzhi", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s006" }, "lemma": "大邦者下流", "kind": "note", "text": "道莫妙於受。受而動，是名受而實不受也；欲受而動，是實受而名不受也。天下相報以實，而相爭以名，陰陽之於人固然，況人事乎？語其極，則欲「兼畜人」非能畜人，欲「入事人」非能事人。何也？實元動也，況欲之而又不能靜乎？愈大則愈可受。人能為陰陽之歸，其處下尤甚。靜其欲，靜其動，江海之所以為百谷王也。", "authorNote": "王夫之標「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」；「以靜為下」下「靜以居下，厚德載物故」九字疑衍；「實元動也」，「元」疑「无」之誤。", "citation": "王夫之《老子衍》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "道莫妙于受。受而动，是名受而实不受也；欲受而动，是实受而名不受也。天下相报以实，而相争以名，阴阳之于人固然，况人事乎？语其极，则欲「兼畜人」非能畜人，欲「入事人」非能事人。何也？实元动也，况欲之而又不能静乎？愈大则愈可受。人能为阴阳之归，其处下尤甚。静其欲，静其动，江海之所以为百谷王也。", "citationFull": "王夫之《老子衍》（公開轉錄本）（王夫之標「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」；「以靜為下」下「靜以居下，厚德載物故」九字疑衍；「實元動也」，「元」疑「无」之誤。）", "citationSimp": "王夫之《老子衍》（公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "王夫之标「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」；「以静为下」下「静以居下，厚德载物故」九字疑衍；「实元动也」，「元」疑「无」之误。", "lemmaSimp": "大邦者下流" } ], "charNotes": [ { "id": "n001", "sentenceId": "s001", "start": 3, "end": 5, "char": "下流", "charSimp": "下流", "startSimp": 3, "endSimp": 5, "pinyin": "xià liú", "gloss": "江河的下游，喻大國謙下居後。", "glossSimp": "江河的下游，喻大国谦下居后。", "general": "河上公以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微；王弼以江海居大而處下則百川流之；成玄英以大國虛容譬江海、眾流之下百川競注；御注以謙德釋下流；御疏以江海處眾流之下、百川委輸；李榮以海在眾流之下、百川交歸；陸希聲以眾流之所會釋下流；呂惠卿以交天下保其人為說；蘇轍以眾水趨下流；吳澄以水之下流為說；憨山以江海眾水歸之；魏源從王弼、河上本。", "generalSimp": "河上公以治大国当如居下流、不逆细微；王弼以江海居大而处下则百川流之；成玄英以大国虚容譬江海、众流之下百川竞注；御注以谦德释下流；御疏以江海处众流之下、百川委输；李荣以海在众流之下、百川交归；陆希声以众流之所会释下流；吕惠卿以交天下保其人为说；苏辙以众水趋下流；吴澄以水之下流为说；憨山以江海众水归之；魏源从王弼、河上本。", "variants": [ "大國者天下之下流" ], "variantsSimp": [ "大国者天下之下流" ], "refs": [ "c001", "c012", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c050", "c054", "c059" ], "refsSimp": [ "c001", "c012", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c050", "c054", "c059" ] }, { "id": "n002", "sentenceId": "s001", "start": 6, "end": 10, "char": "天下之交", "charSimp": "天下之交", "startSimp": 6, "endSimp": 10, "pinyin": "tiān xià zhī jiāo", "gloss": "天下百川交會之處，喻大國為天下所歸。", "glossSimp": "天下百川交会之处，喻大国为天下所归。", "general": "河上公以天下士民之所交會；王弼以天下所歸會；成玄英以大國行謙故與小國交會；御注以天下之人交至；御疏以交會而至、能全其大；李榮以交為會、萬國同會；陸希聲以眾流所會故為天下之交；呂惠卿以交天下而保其人；吳澄以交為會、諸小國之交會；憨山以天下之交、納污含垢；魏源移牝字而不改交字。", "generalSimp": "河上公以天下士民之所交会；王弼以天下所归会；成玄英以大国行谦故与小国交会；御注以天下之人交至；御疏以交会而至、能全其大；李荣以交为会、万国同会；陆希声以众流所会故为天下之交；吕惠卿以交天下而保其人；吴澄以交为会、诸小国之交会；憨山以天下之交、纳污含垢；魏源移牝字而不改交字。", "variants": [ "天下之交牝" ], "variantsSimp": [ "天下之交牝" ], "refs": [ "c002", "c013", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c059" ], "refsSimp": [ "c002", "c013", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c059" ] }, { "id": "n003", "sentenceId": "s001", "start": 11, "end": 15, "char": "天下之牝", "charSimp": "天下之牝", "startSimp": 11, "endSimp": 15, "pinyin": "tiān xià zhī pìn", "gloss": "天下雌柔的象徵，喻大國以靜守下。", "glossSimp": "天下雌柔的象征，喻大国以静守下。", "general": "河上公以牝為陰類、柔謙和而不唱；王弼以靜而不求、物自歸之；成玄英以牝雌靜、牡雄躁；御注以牝以雌靜常為牡動所求；御疏以喻如牝者以雌靜致牡所求；陸希聲以眾國所歸故為天下之牝、卑靜自守；呂惠卿以天下之交牝；吳澄以牝不先動以求牡，並疑牝字其一衍；憨山以虛而能受如天下之牝；魏源謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文。", "generalSimp": "河上公以牝为阴类、柔谦和而不唱；王弼以静而不求、物自归之；成玄英以牝雌静、牡雄躁；御注以牝以雌静常为牡动所求；御疏以喻如牝者以雌静致牡所求；陆希声以众国所归故为天下之牝、卑静自守；吕惠卿以天下之交牝；吴澄以牝不先动以求牡，并疑牝字其一衍；憨山以虚而能受如天下之牝；魏源谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文。", "variants": [ "天下之交牝" ], "variantsSimp": [ "天下之交牝" ], "refs": [ "c003", "c014", "c021", "c028", "c034", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c055", "c059", "c060", "c063" ], "refsSimp": [ "c003", "c014", "c021", "c028", "c034", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c055", "c059", "c060", "c063" ] }, { "id": "n004", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 0, "end": 1, "char": "牝", "charSimp": "牝", "startSimp": 0, "endSimp": 1, "pinyin": "pìn", "gloss": "雌性、雌柔。", "glossSimp": "雌性、雌柔。", "general": "河上公以牝為陰類；王弼以牝為雌；成玄英以牝為雌靜；李榮以牝雌而靜；吳澄以牝不先動以求牡；憨山以凡物之雌曰牝。", "generalSimp": "河上公以牝为阴类；王弼以牝为雌；成玄英以牝为雌静；李荣以牝雌而静；吴澄以牝不先动以求牡；憨山以凡物之雌曰牝。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c003", "c004", "c015", "c021", "c043", "c055", "c060" ], "refsSimp": [ "c003", "c004", "c015", "c021", "c043", "c055", "c060" ] }, { "id": "n005", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 2, "end": 6, "char": "以靜勝牡", "charSimp": "以静胜牡", "startSimp": 2, "endSimp": 6, "pinyin": "yǐ jìng shèng mǔ", "gloss": "以安靜勝過雄強。", "glossSimp": "以安静胜过雄强。", "general": "河上公以安靜不先求之；王弼以雌常以靜故能勝雄；成玄英以謙和雌靜故能勝於雄躁；御注以牝以雌靜常為牡動所求；御疏以雌靜致牡動所求；李榮以靜可制動、陰可屈陽；吳澄以動求者招損、靜俟者受益；憨山以牡動牝靜、靜能有生；魏源校記謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文。", "generalSimp": "河上公以安静不先求之；王弼以雌常以静故能胜雄；成玄英以谦和雌静故能胜于雄躁；御注以牝以雌静常为牡动所求；御疏以雌静致牡动所求；李荣以静可制动、阴可屈阳；吴澄以动求者招损、静俟者受益；憨山以牡动牝静、静能有生；魏源校记谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文。", "variants": [ "牝以靜為下", "以其靜故為下也" ], "variantsSimp": [ "牝以静为下", "以其静故为下也" ], "refs": [ "c004", "c015", "c034", "c043", "c055", "c060", "c063" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c015", "c034", "c043", "c055", "c060", "c063" ] }, { "id": "n006", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 7, "end": 11, "char": "以靜為下", "charSimp": "以静为下", "startSimp": 7, "endSimp": 11, "pinyin": "yǐ jìng wéi xià", "gloss": "以安靜居於下位。", "glossSimp": "以安静居于下位。", "general": "河上公以陰道以安靜為謙下；王弼以其靜復能為下故物歸之；御疏以明牝能勝牡由以靜為下；吳澄以靜俟者居下；憨山以靜為群動之歸趨；魏源移牝字作「牝以靜為下」。", "generalSimp": "河上公以阴道以安静为谦下；王弼以其静复能为下故物归之；御疏以明牝能胜牡由以静为下；吴澄以静俟者居下；憨山以静为群动之归趋；魏源移牝字作「牝以静为下」。", "variants": [ "牝以靜為下", "以其靜為下也", "為之下" ], "variantsSimp": [ "牝以静为下", "以其静为下也", "为之下" ], "refs": [ "c005", "c015", "c035", "c060", "c063" ], "refsSimp": [ "c005", "c015", "c035", "c060", "c063" ] }, { "id": "n007", "sentenceId": "s003", "start": 8, "end": 12, "char": "則取小國", "charSimp": "则取小国", "startSimp": 8, "endSimp": 12, "pinyin": "zé qǔ xiǎo guó", "gloss": "就能取得小國。", "glossSimp": "就能取得小国。", "general": "河上公以能謙下之則常有之；王弼以大國下小國則小國附之；成玄英以用謙攝化萬邦；御注以大取小以為臣妾；御疏以懷來附庸、取其小國之人為臣妾；李榮以謙為德可以容人；陸希聲以大國得術則取小國；蘇轍以大國能下則小國附之；吳澄以謙降以下小國則致其樂附；憨山以大字小如母育子。", "generalSimp": "河上公以能谦下之则常有之；王弼以大国下小国则小国附之；成玄英以用谦摄化万邦；御注以大取小以为臣妾；御疏以怀来附庸、取其小国之人为臣妾；李荣以谦为德可以容人；陆希声以大国得术则取小国；苏辙以大国能下则小国附之；吴澄以谦降以下小国则致其乐附；憨山以大字小如母育子。", "variants": [ "則聚于大國" ], "variantsSimp": [ "则聚于大国" ], "refs": [ "c006", "c016", "c022", "c029", "c036", "c044", "c048", "c052", "c056", "c061" ], "refsSimp": [ "c006", "c016", "c022", "c029", "c036", "c044", "c048", "c052", "c056", "c061" ] }, { "id": "n008", "sentenceId": "s004", "start": 1, "end": 5, "char": "或下以取", "charSimp": "或下以取", "startSimp": 1, "endSimp": 5, "pinyin": "huò xià yǐ qǔ", "gloss": "有的以謙下而取得。", "glossSimp": "有的以谦下而取得。", "general": "河上公以大國以下小國更以義相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以用下則同、取之則別；御注以「以」為大取小；御疏引《春秋》「師能左右之曰以」；李榮以結二國；陸希聲以大國下小國是道之動；呂惠卿以下之者以取之故；蘇轍以大國下以取人；吳澄以下以取謂大國能下以取小國之附；憨山以「以」猶左右之。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大国以下小国更以义相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以用下则同、取之则别；御注以「以」为大取小；御疏引《春秋》「师能左右之曰以」；李荣以结二国；陆希声以大国下小国是道之动；吕惠卿以下之者以取之故；苏辙以大国下以取人；吴澄以下以取谓大国能下以取小国之附；憨山以「以」犹左右之。", "variants": [ "或下而取", "則聚于大國" ], "variantsSimp": [ "或下而取", "则聚于大国" ], "refs": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ], "refsSimp": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ] }, { "id": "n009", "sentenceId": "s004", "start": 6, "end": 10, "char": "或下而取", "charSimp": "或下而取", "startSimp": 6, "endSimp": 10, "pinyin": "huò xià ér qǔ", "gloss": "有的以謙下而被取得。", "glossSimp": "有的以谦下而被取得。", "general": "河上公以小國以下大國更以義相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以小國用柔故取於大國；御注以「而」為小取大；御疏以小國用謙下歸事大國、但可承奉而求援助；李榮以結二國；陸希聲以小國下大國是道之用；呂惠卿以小之於大不得不下而取之；蘇轍以小國下而取於人；吳澄以下而取謂小國能下而取大國之容；憨山以「而」為因而取之。", "generalSimp": "河上公以小国以下大国更以义相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以小国用柔故取于大国；御注以「而」为小取大；御疏以小国用谦下归事大国、但可承奉而求援助；李荣以结二国；陆希声以小国下大国是道之用；吕惠卿以小之于大不得不下而取之；苏辙以小国下而取于人；吴澄以下而取谓小国能下而取大国之容；憨山以「而」为因而取之。", "variants": [ "或下以取", "或下而聚" ], "variantsSimp": [ "或下以取", "或下而聚" ], "refs": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ], "refsSimp": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ] }, { "id": "n010", "sentenceId": "s005", "start": 5, "end": 7, "char": "兼畜", "charSimp": "兼畜", "startSimp": 5, "endSimp": 7, "pinyin": "jiān xù", "gloss": "兼并畜養。", "glossSimp": "兼并畜养。", "general": "河上公以大國兼并人國而牧畜之；王弼以小國修下自全、大國修下則天下歸之；成玄英以兼愛畜養小國；御注以兼畜小國為臣妾；御疏以兼畜小國之人為之君長；李榮以遠扇皇風；陸希聲以兼畜小國以成其大；呂惠卿以兼畜人；吳澄以欲兼畜小國而已；憨山以非容無以成其大；王夫之以欲兼畜人非能畜人。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大国兼并人国而牧畜之；王弼以小国修下自全、大国修下则天下归之；成玄英以兼爱畜养小国；御注以兼畜小国为臣妾；御疏以兼畜小国之人为之君长；李荣以远扇皇风；陆希声以兼畜小国以成其大；吕惠卿以兼畜人；吴澄以欲兼畜小国而已；憨山以非容无以成其大；王夫之以欲兼畜人非能畜人。", "variants": [ "兼畜人", "兼蓄" ], "variantsSimp": [ "兼畜人", "兼蓄" ], "refs": [ "c009", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c009", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ] }, { "id": "n011", "sentenceId": "s005", "start": 14, "end": 16, "char": "入事", "charSimp": "入事", "startSimp": 14, "endSimp": 16, "pinyin": "rù shì", "gloss": "加入並事奉。", "glossSimp": "加入并事奉。", "general": "河上公以使為臣僕；王弼以小國修下自全；成玄英以慕德接事；御注以入事大國為援助；御疏以入事大國資為援助；李榮以遐欽道化；陸希聲以入事大國以存其小；呂惠卿以入事人；吳澄以欲入事大國而已；憨山以非忍無以濟其事；王夫之以欲入事人非能事人。", "generalSimp": "河上公以使为臣仆；王弼以小国修下自全；成玄英以慕德接事；御注以入事大国为援助；御疏以入事大国资为援助；李荣以遐钦道化；陆希声以入事大国以存其小；吕惠卿以入事人；吴澄以欲入事大国而已；憨山以非忍无以济其事；王夫之以欲入事人非能事人。", "variants": [ "入事人" ], "variantsSimp": [ "入事人" ], "refs": [ "c010", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c010", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ] }, { "id": "n012", "sentenceId": "s006", "start": 3, "end": 8, "char": "各得其所欲", "charSimp": "各得其所欲", "startSimp": 3, "endSimp": 8, "pinyin": "gè dé qí suǒ yù", "gloss": "各自得到想要的。", "glossSimp": "各自得到想要的。", "general": "河上公以大小各欲得其所；王弼以小國自全、大國天下歸之；成玄英以兼畜入事各遂其心；御注以各求得其所欲；御疏以兩遂其願故云各得；李榮以俱稱所懷各得所欲；陸希聲以大小各得所願；呂惠卿以兩者各得其所欲；吳澄以兩者皆能下則各得其所欲；憨山以兩者各得其所欲；魏源引吳澄、源案；王夫之以實元動也。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大小各欲得其所；王弼以小国自全、大国天下归之；成玄英以兼畜入事各遂其心；御注以各求得其所欲；御疏以两遂其愿故云各得；李荣以俱称所怀各得所欲；陆希声以大小各得所愿；吕惠卿以两者各得其所欲；吴澄以两者皆能下则各得其所欲；憨山以两者各得其所欲；魏源引吴澄、源案；王夫之以实元动也。", "variants": [ "夫兩者各得其所欲", "各得其欲" ], "variantsSimp": [ "夫两者各得其所欲", "各得其欲" ], "refs": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ] }, { "id": "n013", "sentenceId": "s006", "start": 9, "end": 14, "char": "大者宜為下", "charSimp": "大者宜为下", "startSimp": 9, "endSimp": 14, "pinyin": "dà zhě yí wéi xià", "gloss": "大的一方更應該謙下。", "glossSimp": "大的一方更应该谦下。", "general": "河上公以大國又宜為謙下；王弼以大國修下則天下歸之；成玄英以高者抑之；御注以大國常戒滿盈故云宜下；御疏以恐大國驕盈致禍故特誡之；李榮以重誡大者以為下；陸希聲以大國宜先下；呂惠卿以獨曰大者宜為下；吳澄以小者不患不能下、大者或恐不能下；憨山以大國素尊難於下；魏源引吳澄、源案謂始終皆舉大為言；王夫之以江海所以為百谷王作結。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大国又宜为谦下；王弼以大国修下则天下归之；成玄英以高者抑之；御注以大国常戒满盈故云宜下；御疏以恐大国骄盈致祸故特诫之；李荣以重诫大者以为下；陆希声以大国宜先下；吕惠卿以独曰大者宜为下；吴澄以小者不患不能下、大者或恐不能下；憨山以大国素尊难于下；魏源引吴澄、源案谓始终皆举大为言；王夫之以江海所以为百谷王作结。", "variants": [ "故大者宜為下", "為之下", "靜以居下，厚德載物故" ], "variantsSimp": [ "故大者宜为下", "为之下", "静以居下，厚德载物故" ], "refs": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ] } ], "glossary": { "謙德": "河上公本章章題。", "大國者章": "《玄德纂疏》本章章題。", "大國者下流章": "呂惠卿、蘇轍本章章題。", "大國": "大諸侯國。", "小國": "小諸侯國。", "下流": "江河的下游，喻大國謙下居後。", "大國者天下之下流": "傅奕異文，義同大國者下流。", "天下之交": "天下百川交會之處，喻大國為天下所歸。", "天下之交牝": "《玄德纂疏》所引經文，一本重出「天下之交」。", "天下之牝": "天下雌柔的象徵，喻大國以靜守下。", "牝": "雌性、雌柔。", "牡": "雄性、雄強。", "牝常以靜勝牡": "雌柔常以安靜勝過雄強。", "以靜勝牡": "以安靜勝過雄強。", "以靜為下": "以安靜居於下位。", "牝以靜為下": "魏源移牝字後之文。", "以其靜故為下也": "傅奕異文，義同以靜為下。", "以其靜為之下": "司馬本異文，義同以靜為下。", "為之下": "一本異文，義同為下。", "取": "取得、攝化。", "則取小國": "就能取得小國。", "則聚于大國": "河上本一作，義同取。", "或下以取": "有的以謙下而取得。", "或下而取": "有的以謙下而被取得。", "或下而聚": "河上本一作，義同或下而取。", "兼畜": "兼并畜養。", "兼畜人": "兼并畜養人民。", "兼蓄": "陸希聲異文，義同兼畜。", "入事": "加入並事奉。", "入事人": "加入並事奉他人。", "兩者": "大國與小國。", "各得其所欲": "各自得到想要的。", "各得其欲": "憨山異文，義同各得其所欲。", "夫兩者各得其所欲": "大國與小國各自得到想要的。", "大者宜為下": "大的一方更應該謙下。", "故大者宜為下": "一本有「故」字。", "靜以居下，厚德載物故": "王夫之「以靜為下」下九字，疑衍。", "實元動也": "王夫之語，「元」疑「无」之誤。", "百谷王": "江海為百谷所歸，王夫之引以明處下。", "謙撝": "李榮語，謂謙遜。", "跨企": "李榮語，謂矜高企望。", "皇風": "李榮語，謂帝王之風教。", "道化": "李榮語，謂道德教化。", "文軌": "李榮語，謂文字車軌，喻天下統一。", "交": "會、交會。", "玄德纂疏": "唐道教類書，存成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮、嚴遵等佚文。", "指歸": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》。", "輯文": "輯錄佚文。" }, "collations": [ { "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "章次與章題", "text": "王弼本無章題。河上公題「謙德第六十一」；《玄德纂疏》題「大國者章第六十一」；呂惠卿、蘇轍題「大國者下流章第六十一」；吳澄此章為其第五十二章；魏源此章為其第五十三章；王夫之標「六十一章」。本站從王弼本分章。", "source": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、王弼《老子道德經注》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "王弼本无章题。河上公题「谦德第六十一」；《玄德纂疏》题「大国者章第六十一」；吕惠卿、苏辙题「大国者下流章第六十一」；吴澄此章为其第五十二章；魏源此章为其第五十三章；王夫之标「六十一章」。本站从王弼本分章。", "headwordSimp": "章次与章题", "sourceSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、王弼《老子道德经注》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》", "id": "k001" }, { "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "「天下之交，天下之牝」與「天下之交牝」", "text": "王弼、河上公、蘇轍、吳澄、憨山、王夫之正文作「天下之交，天下之牝」；陸希聲、呂惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」；《玄德纂疏》所引經文作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「天下之牝，天下之交也」；魏源移牝字，謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文。本站從王弼作「天下之交，天下之牝」。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "王弼、河上公、苏辙、吴澄、憨山、王夫之正文作「天下之交，天下之牝」；陆希声、吕惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交天下之交牝」；《玄德纂疏》所引经文作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「天下之牝，天下之交也」；魏源移牝字，谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文。本站从王弼作「天下之交，天下之牝」。", "headwordSimp": "「天下之交，天下之牝」与「天下之交牝」", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》", "id": "k002" }, { "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "「以靜勝牡，以靜為下」與「以其靜故為下也」", "text": "王弼、河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮、陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄、憨山、王夫之正文作「牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下」；魏源移牝字作「常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」；傅奕作「以其靜故為下也」；司馬本作「以其靜為之下」；一本無「以靜為下」四字；陳象古讀「牝當以靜勝」斷句、「牡以靜為下」斷句。本站從王弼。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "王弼、河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗、李荣、陆希声、吕惠卿、苏辙、吴澄、憨山、王夫之正文作「牝常以静胜牡，以静为下」；魏源移牝字作「常以静胜牡，牝以静为下」；傅奕作「以其静故为下也」；司马本作「以其静为之下」；一本无「以静为下」四字；陈象古读「牝当以静胜」断句、「牡以静为下」断句。本站从王弼。", "headwordSimp": "「以静胜牡，以静为下」与「以其静故为下也」", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》", "id": "k003" }, { "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "「則取小國」有無「于」字及「聚」字", "text": "王弼、河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮、陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄、憨山、王夫之正文作「則取小國」「則取大國」；傅奕兩「則取」下各有「于」字；河上本一作「則聚于大國」「或下而聚」；陸希聲一本誤刻「小國而下大國」。本站從王弼。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "王弼、河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗、李荣、陆希声、吕惠卿、苏辙、吴澄、憨山、王夫之正文作「则取小国」「则取大国」；傅奕两「则取」下各有「于」字；河上本一作「则聚于大国」「或下而聚」；陆希声一本误刻「小国而下大国」。本站从王弼。", "headwordSimp": "「则取小国」有无「于」字及「聚」字", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》", "id": "k004" }, { "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "「兼畜」與「兼蓄」", "text": "王弼、河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄、憨山、魏源、王夫之正文作「兼畜」；陸希聲作「兼蓄」，其正文又誤刻「不遇」為「不過」；《玄德纂疏》所引河上公注作「兼并小國」，四部叢刊本作「兼并人國」。本站正文從王弼作「兼畜」。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": 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"王弼、河上公正文作「大者宜為下」；《玄德纂疏》所引、唐玄宗、陸希聲、呂惠卿、憨山、魏源作「故大者宜為下」；一本作「為之下」；王夫之「以靜為下」下有「靜以居下，厚德載物故」九字，疑衍。本站從王弼。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "王弼、河上公正文作「大者宜为下」；《玄德纂疏》所引、唐玄宗、陆希声、吕惠卿、憨山、魏源作「故大者宜为下」；一本作「为之下」；王夫之「以静为下」下有「静以居下，厚德载物故」九字，疑衍。本站从王弼。", "headwordSimp": "「大者宜为下」与「故大者宜为下」「为之下」", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》", "id": "k007" }, { "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "出處與注數", "text": "河上公據四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、李榮、嚴遵輯文據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；王弼、陸希聲、呂惠卿、吳澄據《道藏》本卷四，蘇轍據《道藏》本卷三；憨山、魏源、王夫之據公開轉錄本。河上公十一條、王弼七條、成玄英章義一則與疏七條、唐玄宗御注六條、御疏八條、嚴遵輯文一則、李榮六條、陸希聲一段、呂惠卿一段、蘇轍四條、吳澄四條、憨山一段（本站分五條）、魏源三條、王夫之一段。俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列。", "source": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、嚴遵《道德真經指歸》輯文、李榮《道德真經注》（以上成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮、嚴遵輯文據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）、王弼《老子道德經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》、王夫之《老子衍》", "textSimp": "河上公据四部丛刊本，参校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、李荣、严遵辑文据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；王弼、陆希声、吕惠卿、吴澄据《道藏》本卷四，苏辙据《道藏》本卷三；憨山、魏源、王夫之据公开转录本。河上公十一条、王弼七条、成玄英章义一则与疏七条、唐玄宗御注六条、御疏八条、严遵辑文一则、李荣六条、陆希声一段、吕惠卿一段、苏辙四条、吴澄四条、憨山一段（本站分五条）、魏源三条、王夫之一段。俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列。", "headwordSimp": "出处与注数", "sourceSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、严遵《道德真经指归》辑文、李荣《道德真经注》（以上成玄英、唐玄宗、李荣、严遵辑文据《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引）、王弼《老子道德经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》、王夫之《老子衍》", "id": "k008" } ], "glossarySimp": { "谦德": "河上公本章章题。", "大国者章": "《玄德纂疏》本章章题。", "大国者下流章": "吕惠卿、苏辙本章章题。", "大国": "大诸侯国。", "小国": "小诸侯国。", "下流": "江河的下游，喻大国谦下居后。", "大国者天下之下流": "傅奕异文，义同大国者下流。", "天下之交": "天下百川交会之处，喻大国为天下所归。", "天下之交牝": "《玄德纂疏》所引经文，一本重出「天下之交」。", "天下之牝": "天下雌柔的象征，喻大国以静守下。", "牝": "雌性、雌柔。", "牡": "雄性、雄强。", "牝常以静胜牡": "雌柔常以安静胜过雄强。", "以静胜牡": "以安静胜过雄强。", "以静为下": "以安静居于下位。", "牝以静为下": "魏源移牝字后之文。", "以其静故为下也": "傅奕异文，义同以静为下。", "以其静为之下": "司马本异文，义同以静为下。", "为之下": "一本异文，义同为下。", "取": "取得、摄化。", "则取小国": "就能取得小国。", "则聚于大国": "河上本一作，义同取。", "或下以取": "有的以谦下而取得。", "或下而取": "有的以谦下而被取得。", "或下而聚": "河上本一作，义同或下而取。", "兼畜": "兼并畜养。", "兼畜人": "兼并畜养人民。", "兼蓄": "陆希声异文，义同兼畜。", "入事": "加入并事奉。", "入事人": "加入并事奉他人。", "两者": "大国与小国。", "各得其所欲": "各自得到想要的。", "各得其欲": "憨山异文，义同各得其所欲。", "夫两者各得其所欲": "大国与小国各自得到想要的。", "大者宜为下": "大的一方更应该谦下。", "故大者宜为下": "一本有「故」字。", "静以居下，厚德载物故": "王夫之「以静为下」下九字，疑衍。", "实元动也": "王夫之语，「元」疑「无」之误。", "百谷王": "江海为百谷所归，王夫之引以明处下。", "谦㧑": "李荣语，谓谦逊。", "跨企": "李荣语，谓矜高企望。", "皇风": "李荣语，谓帝王之风教。", "道化": "李荣语，谓道德教化。", "文轨": "李荣语，谓文字车轨，喻天下统一。", "交": "会、交会。", "玄德纂疏": "唐道教类书，存成玄英、唐玄宗、李荣、严遵等佚文。", "指归": "严遵《道德真经指归》。", "辑文": "辑录佚文。" }, "lexicon": { "note": "由构建脚本从字词注与常用字表生成，供义位词典和开放数据集使用；occurrence 统计按繁体与简体正文分别匹配后合并。", "entries": [ { "order": 1, "id": "n001", "noteId": "n001", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "下流", "headwordSimp": "下流", "pinyin": "xià liú", "gloss": "江河的下游，喻大國謙下居後。", "glossSimp": "江河的下游，喻大国谦下居后。", "general": "河上公以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微；王弼以江海居大而處下則百川流之；成玄英以大國虛容譬江海、眾流之下百川競注；御注以謙德釋下流；御疏以江海處眾流之下、百川委輸；李榮以海在眾流之下、百川交歸；陸希聲以眾流之所會釋下流；呂惠卿以交天下保其人為說；蘇轍以眾水趨下流；吳澄以水之下流為說；憨山以江海眾水歸之；魏源從王弼、河上本。", "generalSimp": "河上公以治大国当如居下流、不逆细微；王弼以江海居大而处下则百川流之；成玄英以大国虚容譬江海、众流之下百川竞注；御注以谦德释下流；御疏以江海处众流之下、百川委输；李荣以海在众流之下、百川交归；陆希声以众流之所会释下流；吕惠卿以交天下保其人为说；苏辙以众水趋下流；吴澄以水之下流为说；憨山以江海众水归之；魏源从王弼、河上本。", "variants": [ "大國者天下之下流" ], "variantsSimp": [ "大国者天下之下流" ], "refs": [ "c001", "c012", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c050", "c054", "c059" ], "refsSimp": [ "c001", "c012", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c050", "c054", "c059" ], "forms": [ { "form": "下流", "formSimp": "下流", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 2, "id": "n002", "noteId": "n002", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "天下之交", "headwordSimp": "天下之交", "pinyin": "tiān xià zhī jiāo", "gloss": "天下百川交會之處，喻大國為天下所歸。", "glossSimp": "天下百川交会之处，喻大国为天下所归。", "general": "河上公以天下士民之所交會；王弼以天下所歸會；成玄英以大國行謙故與小國交會；御注以天下之人交至；御疏以交會而至、能全其大；李榮以交為會、萬國同會；陸希聲以眾流所會故為天下之交；呂惠卿以交天下而保其人；吳澄以交為會、諸小國之交會；憨山以天下之交、納污含垢；魏源移牝字而不改交字。", "generalSimp": "河上公以天下士民之所交会；王弼以天下所归会；成玄英以大国行谦故与小国交会；御注以天下之人交至；御疏以交会而至、能全其大；李荣以交为会、万国同会；陆希声以众流所会故为天下之交；吕惠卿以交天下而保其人；吴澄以交为会、诸小国之交会；憨山以天下之交、纳污含垢；魏源移牝字而不改交字。", "variants": [ "天下之交牝" ], "variantsSimp": [ "天下之交牝" ], "refs": [ "c002", "c013", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c059" ], "refsSimp": [ "c002", "c013", "c020", "c027", "c033", "c042", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c059" ], "forms": [ { "form": "天下之交", "formSimp": "天下之交", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 3, "id": "n003", "noteId": "n003", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "天下之牝", "headwordSimp": "天下之牝", "pinyin": "tiān xià zhī pìn", "gloss": "天下雌柔的象徵，喻大國以靜守下。", "glossSimp": "天下雌柔的象征，喻大国以静守下。", "general": "河上公以牝為陰類、柔謙和而不唱；王弼以靜而不求、物自歸之；成玄英以牝雌靜、牡雄躁；御注以牝以雌靜常為牡動所求；御疏以喻如牝者以雌靜致牡所求；陸希聲以眾國所歸故為天下之牝、卑靜自守；呂惠卿以天下之交牝；吳澄以牝不先動以求牡，並疑牝字其一衍；憨山以虛而能受如天下之牝；魏源謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文。", "generalSimp": "河上公以牝为阴类、柔谦和而不唱；王弼以静而不求、物自归之；成玄英以牝雌静、牡雄躁；御注以牝以雌静常为牡动所求；御疏以喻如牝者以雌静致牡所求；陆希声以众国所归故为天下之牝、卑静自守；吕惠卿以天下之交牝；吴澄以牝不先动以求牡，并疑牝字其一衍；憨山以虚而能受如天下之牝；魏源谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文。", "variants": [ "天下之交牝" ], "variantsSimp": [ "天下之交牝" ], "refs": [ "c003", "c014", "c021", "c028", "c034", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c055", "c059", "c060", "c063" ], "refsSimp": [ "c003", "c014", "c021", "c028", "c034", "c048", "c049", "c054", "c055", "c059", "c060", "c063" ], "forms": [ { "form": "天下之牝", "formSimp": "天下之牝", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 4, "id": "n004", "noteId": "n004", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "牝", "headwordSimp": "牝", "pinyin": "pìn", "gloss": "雌性、雌柔。", "glossSimp": "雌性、雌柔。", "general": "河上公以牝為陰類；王弼以牝為雌；成玄英以牝為雌靜；李榮以牝雌而靜；吳澄以牝不先動以求牡；憨山以凡物之雌曰牝。", "generalSimp": "河上公以牝为阴类；王弼以牝为雌；成玄英以牝为雌静；李荣以牝雌而静；吴澄以牝不先动以求牡；憨山以凡物之雌曰牝。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c003", "c004", "c015", "c021", "c043", "c055", "c060" ], "refsSimp": [ "c003", "c004", "c015", "c021", "c043", "c055", "c060" ], "forms": [ { "form": "牝", "formSimp": "牝", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s001", "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001", "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 5, "id": "n005", "noteId": "n005", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "以靜勝牡", "headwordSimp": "以静胜牡", "pinyin": "yǐ jìng shèng mǔ", "gloss": "以安靜勝過雄強。", "glossSimp": "以安静胜过雄强。", "general": "河上公以安靜不先求之；王弼以雌常以靜故能勝雄；成玄英以謙和雌靜故能勝於雄躁；御注以牝以雌靜常為牡動所求；御疏以雌靜致牡動所求；李榮以靜可制動、陰可屈陽；吳澄以動求者招損、靜俟者受益；憨山以牡動牝靜、靜能有生；魏源校記謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文。", "generalSimp": "河上公以安静不先求之；王弼以雌常以静故能胜雄；成玄英以谦和雌静故能胜于雄躁；御注以牝以雌静常为牡动所求；御疏以雌静致牡动所求；李荣以静可制动、阴可屈阳；吴澄以动求者招损、静俟者受益；憨山以牡动牝静、静能有生；魏源校记谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文。", "variants": [ "牝以靜為下", "以其靜故為下也" ], "variantsSimp": [ "牝以静为下", "以其静故为下也" ], "refs": [ "c004", "c015", "c034", "c043", "c055", "c060", "c063" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c015", "c034", "c043", "c055", "c060", "c063" ], "forms": [ { "form": "以靜勝牡", "formSimp": "以静胜牡", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 6, "id": "n006", "noteId": "n006", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "以靜為下", "headwordSimp": "以静为下", "pinyin": "yǐ jìng wéi xià", "gloss": "以安靜居於下位。", "glossSimp": "以安静居于下位。", "general": "河上公以陰道以安靜為謙下；王弼以其靜復能為下故物歸之；御疏以明牝能勝牡由以靜為下；吳澄以靜俟者居下；憨山以靜為群動之歸趨；魏源移牝字作「牝以靜為下」。", "generalSimp": "河上公以阴道以安静为谦下；王弼以其静复能为下故物归之；御疏以明牝能胜牡由以静为下；吴澄以静俟者居下；憨山以静为群动之归趋；魏源移牝字作「牝以静为下」。", "variants": [ "牝以靜為下", "以其靜為下也", "為之下" ], "variantsSimp": [ "牝以静为下", "以其静为下也", "为之下" ], "refs": [ "c005", "c015", "c035", "c060", "c063" ], "refsSimp": [ "c005", "c015", "c035", "c060", "c063" ], "forms": [ { "form": "以靜為下", "formSimp": "以静为下", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 7, "id": "n007", "noteId": "n007", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "則取小國", "headwordSimp": "则取小国", "pinyin": "zé qǔ xiǎo guó", "gloss": "就能取得小國。", "glossSimp": "就能取得小国。", "general": "河上公以能謙下之則常有之；王弼以大國下小國則小國附之；成玄英以用謙攝化萬邦；御注以大取小以為臣妾；御疏以懷來附庸、取其小國之人為臣妾；李榮以謙為德可以容人；陸希聲以大國得術則取小國；蘇轍以大國能下則小國附之；吳澄以謙降以下小國則致其樂附；憨山以大字小如母育子。", "generalSimp": "河上公以能谦下之则常有之；王弼以大国下小国则小国附之；成玄英以用谦摄化万邦；御注以大取小以为臣妾；御疏以怀来附庸、取其小国之人为臣妾；李荣以谦为德可以容人；陆希声以大国得术则取小国；苏辙以大国能下则小国附之；吴澄以谦降以下小国则致其乐附；憨山以大字小如母育子。", "variants": [ "則聚于大國" ], "variantsSimp": [ "则聚于大国" ], "refs": [ "c006", "c016", "c022", "c029", "c036", "c044", "c048", "c052", "c056", "c061" ], "refsSimp": [ "c006", "c016", "c022", "c029", "c036", "c044", "c048", "c052", "c056", "c061" ], "forms": [ { "form": "則取小國", "formSimp": "则取小国", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s003" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 8, "id": "n008", "noteId": "n008", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "或下以取", "headwordSimp": "或下以取", "pinyin": "huò xià yǐ qǔ", "gloss": "有的以謙下而取得。", "glossSimp": "有的以谦下而取得。", "general": "河上公以大國以下小國更以義相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以用下則同、取之則別；御注以「以」為大取小；御疏引《春秋》「師能左右之曰以」；李榮以結二國；陸希聲以大國下小國是道之動；呂惠卿以下之者以取之故；蘇轍以大國下以取人；吳澄以下以取謂大國能下以取小國之附；憨山以「以」猶左右之。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大国以下小国更以义相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以用下则同、取之则别；御注以「以」为大取小；御疏引《春秋》「师能左右之曰以」；李荣以结二国；陆希声以大国下小国是道之动；吕惠卿以下之者以取之故；苏辙以大国下以取人；吴澄以下以取谓大国能下以取小国之附；憨山以「以」犹左右之。", "variants": [ "或下而取", "則聚于大國" ], "variantsSimp": [ "或下而取", "则聚于大国" ], "refs": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ], "refsSimp": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ], "forms": [ { "form": "或下以取", "formSimp": "或下以取", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] }, { "form": "或下而取", "formSimp": "或下而取", "kind": "variant", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 9, "id": "n009", "noteId": "n009", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "或下而取", "headwordSimp": "或下而取", "pinyin": "huò xià ér qǔ", "gloss": "有的以謙下而被取得。", "glossSimp": "有的以谦下而被取得。", "general": "河上公以小國以下大國更以義相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以小國用柔故取於大國；御注以「而」為小取大；御疏以小國用謙下歸事大國、但可承奉而求援助；李榮以結二國；陸希聲以小國下大國是道之用；呂惠卿以小之於大不得不下而取之；蘇轍以小國下而取於人；吳澄以下而取謂小國能下而取大國之容；憨山以「而」為因而取之。", "generalSimp": "河上公以小国以下大国更以义相取；王弼以唯修卑下乃各得其所；成玄英以小国用柔故取于大国；御注以「而」为小取大；御疏以小国用谦下归事大国、但可承奉而求援助；李荣以结二国；陆希声以小国下大国是道之用；吕惠卿以小之于大不得不下而取之；苏辙以小国下而取于人；吴澄以下而取谓小国能下而取大国之容；憨山以「而」为因而取之。", "variants": [ "或下以取", "或下而聚" ], "variantsSimp": [ "或下以取", "或下而聚" ], "refs": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ], "refsSimp": [ "c008", "c017", "c024", "c030", "c038", "c045", "c048", "c049", "c053", "c056", "c061" ], "forms": [ { "form": "或下而取", "formSimp": "或下而取", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] }, { "form": "或下以取", "formSimp": "或下以取", "kind": "variant", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 10, "id": "n010", "noteId": "n010", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "兼畜", "headwordSimp": "兼畜", "pinyin": "jiān xù", "gloss": "兼并畜養。", "glossSimp": "兼并畜养。", "general": "河上公以大國兼并人國而牧畜之；王弼以小國修下自全、大國修下則天下歸之；成玄英以兼愛畜養小國；御注以兼畜小國為臣妾；御疏以兼畜小國之人為之君長；李榮以遠扇皇風；陸希聲以兼畜小國以成其大；呂惠卿以兼畜人；吳澄以欲兼畜小國而已；憨山以非容無以成其大；王夫之以欲兼畜人非能畜人。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大国兼并人国而牧畜之；王弼以小国修下自全、大国修下则天下归之；成玄英以兼爱畜养小国；御注以兼畜小国为臣妾；御疏以兼畜小国之人为之君长；李荣以远扇皇风；陆希声以兼畜小国以成其大；吕惠卿以兼畜人；吴澄以欲兼畜小国而已；憨山以非容无以成其大；王夫之以欲兼畜人非能畜人。", "variants": [ "兼畜人", "兼蓄" ], "variantsSimp": [ "兼畜人", "兼蓄" ], "refs": [ "c009", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c009", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ], "forms": [ { "form": "兼畜", "formSimp": "兼畜", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] }, { "form": "兼畜人", "formSimp": "兼畜人", "kind": "variant", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 11, "id": "n011", "noteId": "n011", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "入事", "headwordSimp": "入事", "pinyin": "rù shì", "gloss": "加入並事奉。", "glossSimp": "加入并事奉。", "general": "河上公以使為臣僕；王弼以小國修下自全；成玄英以慕德接事；御注以入事大國為援助；御疏以入事大國資為援助；李榮以遐欽道化；陸希聲以入事大國以存其小；呂惠卿以入事人；吳澄以欲入事大國而已；憨山以非忍無以濟其事；王夫之以欲入事人非能事人。", "generalSimp": "河上公以使为臣仆；王弼以小国修下自全；成玄英以慕德接事；御注以入事大国为援助；御疏以入事大国资为援助；李荣以遐钦道化；陆希声以入事大国以存其小；吕惠卿以入事人；吴澄以欲入事大国而已；憨山以非忍无以济其事；王夫之以欲入事人非能事人。", "variants": [ "入事人" ], "variantsSimp": [ "入事人" ], "refs": [ "c010", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c010", "c018", "c025", "c031", "c039", "c046", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c066" ], "forms": [ { "form": "入事", "formSimp": "入事", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] }, { "form": "入事人", "formSimp": "入事人", "kind": "variant", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 12, "id": "n012", "noteId": "n012", "sentenceId": "s006", "headword": "各得其所欲", "headwordSimp": "各得其所欲", "pinyin": "gè dé qí suǒ yù", "gloss": "各自得到想要的。", "glossSimp": "各自得到想要的。", "general": "河上公以大小各欲得其所；王弼以小國自全、大國天下歸之；成玄英以兼畜入事各遂其心；御注以各求得其所欲；御疏以兩遂其願故云各得；李榮以俱稱所懷各得所欲；陸希聲以大小各得所願；呂惠卿以兩者各得其所欲；吳澄以兩者皆能下則各得其所欲；憨山以兩者各得其所欲；魏源引吳澄、源案；王夫之以實元動也。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大小各欲得其所；王弼以小国自全、大国天下归之；成玄英以兼畜入事各遂其心；御注以各求得其所欲；御疏以两遂其愿故云各得；李荣以俱称所怀各得所欲；陆希声以大小各得所愿；吕惠卿以两者各得其所欲；吴澄以两者皆能下则各得其所欲；憨山以两者各得其所欲；魏源引吴澄、源案；王夫之以实元动也。", "variants": [ "夫兩者各得其所欲", "各得其欲" ], "variantsSimp": [ "夫两者各得其所欲", "各得其欲" ], "refs": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ], "forms": [ { "form": "各得其所欲", "formSimp": "各得其所欲", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s006" ] }, { "form": "夫兩者各得其所欲", "formSimp": "夫两者各得其所欲", "kind": "variant", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s006" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s006" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 13, "id": "n013", "noteId": "n013", "sentenceId": "s006", "headword": "大者宜為下", "headwordSimp": "大者宜为下", "pinyin": "dà zhě yí wéi xià", "gloss": "大的一方更應該謙下。", "glossSimp": "大的一方更应该谦下。", "general": "河上公以大國又宜為謙下；王弼以大國修下則天下歸之；成玄英以高者抑之；御注以大國常戒滿盈故云宜下；御疏以恐大國驕盈致禍故特誡之；李榮以重誡大者以為下；陸希聲以大國宜先下；呂惠卿以獨曰大者宜為下；吳澄以小者不患不能下、大者或恐不能下；憨山以大國素尊難於下；魏源引吳澄、源案謂始終皆舉大為言；王夫之以江海所以為百谷王作結。", "generalSimp": "河上公以大国又宜为谦下；王弼以大国修下则天下归之；成玄英以高者抑之；御注以大国常戒满盈故云宜下；御疏以恐大国骄盈致祸故特诫之；李荣以重诫大者以为下；陆希声以大国宜先下；吕惠卿以独曰大者宜为下；吴澄以小者不患不能下、大者或恐不能下；憨山以大国素尊难于下；魏源引吴澄、源案谓始终皆举大为言；王夫之以江海所以为百谷王作结。", "variants": [ "故大者宜為下", "為之下", "靜以居下，厚德載物故" ], "variantsSimp": [ "故大者宜为下", "为之下", "静以居下，厚德载物故" ], "refs": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ], "refsSimp": [ "c011", "c018", "c026", "c032", "c040", "c047", "c048", "c049", "c057", "c062", "c064", "c065", "c066" ], "forms": [ { "form": "大者宜為下", "formSimp": "大者宜为下", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s006" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s006" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 } ], "glossaryEntries": [ { "order": 14, "id": "g001", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "謙德", "headwordSimp": "谦德", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "河上公本章章題。", "glossSimp": "河上公本章章题。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "謙德", "formSimp": "谦德", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 15, "id": "g002", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "大國者章", "headwordSimp": "大国者章", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "《玄德纂疏》本章章題。", "glossSimp": "《玄德纂疏》本章章题。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "大國者章", "formSimp": "大国者章", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 16, "id": "g003", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "大國者下流章", "headwordSimp": "大国者下流章", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "呂惠卿、蘇轍本章章題。", "glossSimp": "吕惠卿、苏辙本章章题。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "大國者下流章", "formSimp": "大国者下流章", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 17, "id": "g004", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "大國", "headwordSimp": "大国", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "大諸侯國。", "glossSimp": "大诸侯国。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "大國", "formSimp": "大国", "kind": "headword", "count": 3, "sentenceIds": [ "s001", "s003", "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001", "s003", "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 3 }, { "order": 18, "id": "g005", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "小國", "headwordSimp": "小国", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "小諸侯國。", "glossSimp": "小诸侯国。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "小國", "formSimp": "小国", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s003", "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003", "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 19, "id": "g006", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "下流", "headwordSimp": "下流", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "江河的下游，喻大國謙下居後。", "glossSimp": "江河的下游，喻大国谦下居后。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "下流", "formSimp": "下流", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 20, "id": "g007", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "大國者天下之下流", "headwordSimp": "大国者天下之下流", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "傅奕異文，義同大國者下流。", "glossSimp": "傅奕异文，义同大国者下流。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "大國者天下之下流", "formSimp": "大国者天下之下流", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 21, "id": "g008", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "天下之交", "headwordSimp": "天下之交", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "天下百川交會之處，喻大國為天下所歸。", "glossSimp": "天下百川交会之处，喻大国为天下所归。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "天下之交", "formSimp": "天下之交", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 22, "id": "g009", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "天下之交牝", "headwordSimp": "天下之交牝", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "《玄德纂疏》所引經文，一本重出「天下之交」。", "glossSimp": "《玄德纂疏》所引经文，一本重出「天下之交」。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "天下之交牝", "formSimp": "天下之交牝", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 23, "id": "g010", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "天下之牝", "headwordSimp": "天下之牝", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "天下雌柔的象徵，喻大國以靜守下。", "glossSimp": "天下雌柔的象征，喻大国以静守下。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "天下之牝", "formSimp": "天下之牝", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 24, "id": "g011", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "牝", "headwordSimp": "牝", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "雌性、雌柔。", "glossSimp": "雌性、雌柔。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "牝", "formSimp": "牝", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s001", "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001", "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 25, "id": "g012", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "牡", "headwordSimp": "牡", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "雄性、雄強。", "glossSimp": "雄性、雄强。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "牡", "formSimp": "牡", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 26, "id": "g013", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "牝常以靜勝牡", "headwordSimp": "牝常以静胜牡", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "雌柔常以安靜勝過雄強。", "glossSimp": "雌柔常以安静胜过雄强。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "牝常以靜勝牡", "formSimp": "牝常以静胜牡", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 27, "id": "g014", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "以靜勝牡", "headwordSimp": "以静胜牡", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "以安靜勝過雄強。", "glossSimp": "以安静胜过雄强。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "以靜勝牡", "formSimp": "以静胜牡", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 28, "id": "g015", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "以靜為下", "headwordSimp": "以静为下", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "以安靜居於下位。", "glossSimp": "以安静居于下位。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "以靜為下", "formSimp": "以静为下", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 29, "id": "g016", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "牝以靜為下", "headwordSimp": "牝以静为下", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "魏源移牝字後之文。", "glossSimp": "魏源移牝字后之文。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "牝以靜為下", "formSimp": "牝以静为下", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 30, "id": "g017", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "以其靜故為下也", "headwordSimp": "以其静故为下也", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "傅奕異文，義同以靜為下。", "glossSimp": "傅奕异文，义同以静为下。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "以其靜故為下也", "formSimp": "以其静故为下也", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 31, "id": "g018", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "以其靜為之下", "headwordSimp": "以其静为之下", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "司馬本異文，義同以靜為下。", "glossSimp": "司马本异文，义同以静为下。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "以其靜為之下", "formSimp": "以其静为之下", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 32, "id": "g019", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "為之下", "headwordSimp": "为之下", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "一本異文，義同為下。", "glossSimp": "一本异文，义同为下。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "為之下", "formSimp": "为之下", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 33, "id": "g020", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "取", "headwordSimp": "取", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "取得、攝化。", "glossSimp": "取得、摄化。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "取", "formSimp": "取", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 34, "id": "g021", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "則取小國", "headwordSimp": "则取小国", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "就能取得小國。", "glossSimp": "就能取得小国。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "則取小國", "formSimp": "则取小国", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s003" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 35, "id": "g022", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "則聚于大國", "headwordSimp": "则聚于大国", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "河上本一作，義同取。", "glossSimp": "河上本一作，义同取。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "則聚于大國", "formSimp": "则聚于大国", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 36, "id": "g023", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "或下以取", "headwordSimp": "或下以取", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "有的以謙下而取得。", "glossSimp": "有的以谦下而取得。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "或下以取", "formSimp": "或下以取", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 37, "id": "g024", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "或下而取", "headwordSimp": "或下而取", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "有的以謙下而被取得。", "glossSimp": "有的以谦下而被取得。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "或下而取", "formSimp": "或下而取", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 38, "id": "g025", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "或下而聚", "headwordSimp": "或下而聚", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "河上本一作，義同或下而取。", "glossSimp": "河上本一作，义同或下而取。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "或下而聚", "formSimp": "或下而聚", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 39, "id": "g026", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "兼畜", "headwordSimp": "兼畜", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "兼并畜養。", "glossSimp": "兼并畜养。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "兼畜", "formSimp": "兼畜", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 40, "id": "g027", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "兼畜人", "headwordSimp": "兼畜人", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "兼并畜養人民。", "glossSimp": "兼并畜养人民。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "兼畜人", "formSimp": "兼畜人", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 41, "id": "g028", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "兼蓄", "headwordSimp": "兼蓄", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "陸希聲異文，義同兼畜。", "glossSimp": "陆希声异文，义同兼畜。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "兼蓄", "formSimp": "兼蓄", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 42, "id": "g029", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "入事", "headwordSimp": "入事", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "加入並事奉。", "glossSimp": "加入并事奉。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "入事", "formSimp": "入事", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 43, "id": "g030", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "入事人", "headwordSimp": "入事人", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "加入並事奉他人。", "glossSimp": "加入并事奉他人。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "入事人", "formSimp": "入事人", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 44, "id": "g031", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s006", "headword": "兩者", "headwordSimp": "两者", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "大國與小國。", "glossSimp": "大国与小国。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "兩者", "formSimp": "两者", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s006" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s006" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 45, "id": "g032", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s006", "headword": "各得其所欲", "headwordSimp": "各得其所欲", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "各自得到想要的。", "glossSimp": "各自得到想要的。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "各得其所欲", "formSimp": "各得其所欲", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s006" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s006" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 46, "id": "g033", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "各得其欲", "headwordSimp": "各得其欲", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "憨山異文，義同各得其所欲。", "glossSimp": "憨山异文，义同各得其所欲。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "各得其欲", "formSimp": "各得其欲", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 47, "id": "g034", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s006", "headword": "夫兩者各得其所欲", "headwordSimp": "夫两者各得其所欲", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "大國與小國各自得到想要的。", "glossSimp": "大国与小国各自得到想要的。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "夫兩者各得其所欲", "formSimp": "夫两者各得其所欲", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s006" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s006" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 48, "id": "g035", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s006", "headword": "大者宜為下", "headwordSimp": "大者宜为下", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "大的一方更應該謙下。", "glossSimp": "大的一方更应该谦下。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "大者宜為下", "formSimp": "大者宜为下", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s006" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s006" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 49, "id": "g036", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "故大者宜為下", "headwordSimp": "故大者宜为下", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "一本有「故」字。", "glossSimp": "一本有「故」字。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "故大者宜為下", "formSimp": "故大者宜为下", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 50, "id": "g037", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "靜以居下，厚德載物故", "headwordSimp": "静以居下，厚德载物故", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "王夫之「以靜為下」下九字，疑衍。", "glossSimp": "王夫之「以静为下」下九字，疑衍。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "靜以居下，厚德載物故", "formSimp": "静以居下，厚德载物故", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 51, "id": "g038", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "實元動也", "headwordSimp": "实元动也", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "王夫之語，「元」疑「无」之誤。", "glossSimp": "王夫之语，「元」疑「无」之误。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "實元動也", "formSimp": "实元动也", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 52, "id": "g039", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "百谷王", "headwordSimp": "百谷王", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "江海為百谷所歸，王夫之引以明處下。", "glossSimp": "江海为百谷所归，王夫之引以明处下。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "百谷王", "formSimp": "百谷王", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 53, "id": "g040", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "謙撝", "headwordSimp": "谦㧑", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "李榮語，謂謙遜。", "glossSimp": "李荣语，谓谦逊。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "謙撝", "formSimp": "谦㧑", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 54, "id": "g041", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "跨企", "headwordSimp": "跨企", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "李榮語，謂矜高企望。", "glossSimp": "李荣语，谓矜高企望。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "跨企", "formSimp": "跨企", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 55, "id": "g042", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "皇風", "headwordSimp": "皇风", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "李榮語，謂帝王之風教。", "glossSimp": "李荣语，谓帝王之风教。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "皇風", "formSimp": "皇风", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 56, "id": "g043", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "道化", "headwordSimp": "道化", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "李榮語，謂道德教化。", "glossSimp": "李荣语，谓道德教化。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "道化", "formSimp": "道化", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 57, "id": "g044", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "文軌", "headwordSimp": "文轨", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "李榮語，謂文字車軌，喻天下統一。", "glossSimp": "李荣语，谓文字车轨，喻天下统一。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "文軌", "formSimp": "文轨", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 58, "id": "g045", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "交", "headwordSimp": "交", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "會、交會。", "glossSimp": "会、交会。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "交", "formSimp": "交", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s001" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s001" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 59, "id": "g046", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "玄德纂疏", "headwordSimp": "玄德纂疏", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "唐道教類書，存成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮、嚴遵等佚文。", "glossSimp": "唐道教类书，存成玄英、唐玄宗、李荣、严遵等佚文。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "玄德纂疏", "formSimp": "玄德纂疏", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 60, "id": "g047", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "指歸", "headwordSimp": "指归", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》。", "glossSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "指歸", "formSimp": "指归", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 61, "id": "g048", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "輯文", "headwordSimp": "辑文", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "輯錄佚文。", "glossSimp": "辑录佚文。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "輯文", "formSimp": "辑文", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 } ] }, "relations": { "version": "1.0.0", "note": "第六十一章六句的十三家對照，為德經第二十四章。河上公此章據四部叢刊本，參校《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、李榮、嚴遵輯文據《玄德纂疏》卷十六所引；王弼、陸希聲、呂惠卿、吳澄據《道藏》本卷四，蘇轍據《道藏》本卷三；憨山、魏源、王夫之據公開轉錄本。俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列。河上公題「謙德」，吳澄此章為其第五十二章，魏源此章為其第五十三章，王夫之標「六十一章」。大國者下流，諸家或言江海居下、或言謙德、或言眾國所歸；天下之交、天下之牝，有交會、靜不求、地廣不矜之異；牝常以靜勝牡，有以靜為下、以柔勝剛、動求招損之別；大國以下小國，有附之、納之、攝化、援助之殊；各得其所欲，有小國自全、大國天下歸之、大小俱用柔和而大者偏謙之解。", "concepts": [ { "id": "da-guo-zhe-xia-liu", "name": "大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝", "nameTrad": "大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝", "question": "大國何以喻於下流、天下之交與天下之牝？", "questionTrad": "大國何以喻於下流、天下之交與天下之牝？", "intro": "河上公以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微，天下士民交會，牝為陰類、柔謙和而不唱。王弼以江海居大而處下則百川流之，大國居大而處下則天下流之，天下所歸會為交，靜而不求、物自歸之為牝。成玄英以章義開三別，首明接物謙和以靜攝躁；以大國虛容譬江海、萬邦歸往滿於郊郭釋下流之交。唐玄宗御注以謙德釋下流，大國當開納、天下之人交至；御疏以江海處眾流之下、百川委輸，有道則國存、無德則人散申之。嚴遵輯文謂大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵、輕於鴻毛，不當矜貴。李榮以交為會，海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會。陸希聲以眾國所歸釋大國、眾流所會釋下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝。呂惠卿以知以道治國而不知交天下，則雖不傷人而有傷其人者，大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝乃交天下而保其人之道。蘇轍以天下之歸大國猶眾水之趨下流。吳澄以交為會，大國為諸小國之交會如水之下流。憨山以流之在下如江海眾水歸之，大國為天下之交、納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝。魏源移牝字，謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文。王夫之正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙於受、愈大則愈可受為說。諸家皆以江海居下、眾流交會喻大國之謙德，惟分章與字句小異。", "introTrad": "河上公以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微，天下士民交會，牝為陰類、柔謙和而不唱。王弼以江海居大而處下則百川流之，大國居大而處下則天下流之，天下所歸會為交，靜而不求、物自歸之為牝。成玄英以章義開三別，首明接物謙和以靜攝躁；以大國虛容譬江海、萬邦歸往滿於郊郭釋下流之交。唐玄宗御注以謙德釋下流，大國當開納、天下之人交至；御疏以江海處眾流之下、百川委輸，有道則國存、無德則人散申之。嚴遵輯文謂大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵、輕於鴻毛，不當矜貴。李榮以交為會，海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會。陸希聲以眾國所歸釋大國、眾流所會釋下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝。呂惠卿以知以道治國而不知交天下，則雖不傷人而有傷其人者，大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝乃交天下而保其人之道。蘇轍以天下之歸大國猶眾水之趨下流。吳澄以交為會，大國為諸小國之交會如水之下流。憨山以流之在下如江海眾水歸之，大國為天下之交、納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝。魏源移牝字，謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文。王夫之正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙於受、愈大則愈可受為說。諸家皆以江海居下、眾流交會喻大國之謙德，惟分章與字句小異。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "治大國當如居下流、不逆細微；天下士民交會，牝柔謙和而不唱。", "thesisTrad": "治大國當如居下流、不逆細微；天下士民交會，牝柔謙和而不唱。", "noteIds": [ "c001", "c002", "c003" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "治大国当如居下流、不逆细微；天下士民交会，牝柔谦和而不唱。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "江海居大處下則百川流之；天下所歸會為交，靜而不求為牝。", "thesisTrad": "江海居大處下則百川流之；天下所歸會為交，靜而不求為牝。", "noteIds": [ "c012", "c013", "c014" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "江海居大处下则百川流之；天下所归会为交，静而不求为牝。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "章義首明接物謙和以靜攝躁；大國虛容譬江海，萬邦歸往滿於郊郭。", "thesisTrad": "章義首明接物謙和以靜攝躁；大國虛容譬江海，萬邦歸往滿於郊郭。", "noteIds": [ "c019", "c020" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "章义首明接物谦和以静摄躁；大国虚容譬江海，万邦归往满于郊郭。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "下流者謙德，大國當開納、天下之人交至。", "thesisTrad": "下流者謙德，大國當開納、天下之人交至。", "noteIds": [ "c027", "c033" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "下流者谦德，大国当开纳、天下之人交至。" }, "yanzun": { "workType": "輯文", "workTypeTrad": "輯文", "thesis": "大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵，不當矜貴。", "thesisTrad": "大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵，不當矜貴。", "noteIds": [ "c041" ], "workTypeSimp": "辑文", "thesisSimp": "大国地广，有道则固于磐石、宁于泰山，失道则危于累卵，不当矜贵。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "交為會；海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會。", "thesisTrad": "交為會；海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會。", "noteIds": [ "c042" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "交为会；海在众流之下、百川交归，理国者自视缺然则万国同会。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "眾國所歸故為大國，眾流所會故為下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝。", "thesisTrad": "眾國所歸故為大國，眾流所會故為下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝。", "noteIds": [ "c048" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "众国所归故为大国，众流所会故为下流，故为天下之交、天下之牝。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝，乃交天下而保其人之道。", "thesisTrad": "大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝，乃交天下而保其人之道。", "noteIds": [ "c049" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "大国下流、天下之交、天下之牝，乃交天下而保其人之道。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "天下之歸大國，猶眾水之趨下流。", "thesisTrad": "天下之歸大國，猶眾水之趨下流。", "noteIds": [ "c050" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "天下之归大国，犹众水之趋下流。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "交為會；大國為諸小國之交會，如水之下流。", "thesisTrad": "交為會；大國為諸小國之交會，如水之下流。", "noteIds": [ "c054" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "交为会；大国为诸小国之交会，如水之下流。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "江海眾水歸之；大國為天下之交，納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝。", "thesisTrad": "江海眾水歸之；大國為天下之交，納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝。", "noteIds": [ "c058", "c059" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "江海众水归之；大国为天下之交，纳污含垢、虚而能受如天下之牝。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "移牝字，謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文，非衍文。", "thesisTrad": "移牝字，謂下牝字當在牡字之下乃倒文，非衍文。", "noteIds": [ "c063" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "移牝字，谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文，非衍文。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "正文作「大邦」；道莫妙於受，愈大則愈可受。", "thesisTrad": "正文作「大邦」；道莫妙於受，愈大則愈可受。", "noteIds": [ "c066" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "正文作「大邦」；道莫妙于受，愈大则愈可受。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c001", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以居下流、不逆細微立說。", "textTrad": "河上公以居下流、不逆細微立說。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以居下流、不逆细微立说。" }, { "noteId": "c012", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以江海居大處下、百川流之申之。", "textTrad": "王弼以江海居大處下、百川流之申之。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以江海居大处下、百川流之申之。" }, { "noteId": "c019", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英標接物謙和以靜攝躁。", "textTrad": "成玄英標接物謙和以靜攝躁。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英标接物谦和以静摄躁。" }, { "noteId": "c027", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以謙德釋下流。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以謙德釋下流。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以谦德释下流。" }, { "noteId": "c033", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以江海百川委輸、有道則國存分疏。", "textTrad": "御疏以江海百川委輸、有道則國存分疏。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以江海百川委输、有道则国存分疏。" }, { "noteId": "c041", "relation": "輯文", "relationTrad": "輯文", "text": "嚴遵輯文以地廣、固磐石危累卵別解。", "textTrad": "嚴遵輯文以地廣、固磐石危累卵別解。", "relationSimp": "辑文", "textSimp": "严遵辑文以地广、固磐石危累卵别解。" }, { "noteId": "c042", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以交為會、百川交歸轉進。", "textTrad": "李榮以交為會、百川交歸轉進。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以交为会、百川交归转进。" }, { "noteId": "c048", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以眾國所歸、眾流所會別解。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以眾國所歸、眾流所會別解。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以众国所归、众流所会别解。" }, { "noteId": "c049", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以交天下、保其人為說。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以交天下、保其人為說。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以交天下、保其人为说。" }, { "noteId": "c050", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以眾水趨下流申說。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以眾水趨下流申說。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以众水趋下流申说。" }, { "noteId": "c054", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以諸小國交會、水之下流為說。", "textTrad": "吳澄以諸小國交會、水之下流為說。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以诸小国交会、水之下流为说。" }, { "noteId": "c059", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以納污含垢、虛而能受轉深。", "textTrad": "憨山以納污含垢、虛而能受轉深。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以纳污含垢、虚而能受转深。" }, { "noteId": "c063", "relation": "按語", "relationTrad": "按語", "text": "魏源校記出牝字倒文之說。", "textTrad": "魏源校記出牝字倒文之說。", "relationSimp": "按语", "textSimp": "魏源校记出牝字倒文之说。" }, { "noteId": "c066", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以道莫妙於受總結。", "textTrad": "王夫之以道莫妙於受總結。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以道莫妙于受总结。" } ], "nameSimp": "大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝", "questionSimp": "大国何以喻于下流、天下之交与天下之牝？", "introSimp": "河上公以治大国当如居下流、不逆细微，天下士民交会，牝为阴类、柔谦和而不唱。王弼以江海居大而处下则百川流之，大国居大而处下则天下流之，天下所归会为交，静而不求、物自归之为牝。成玄英以章义开三别，首明接物谦和以静摄躁；以大国虚容譬江海、万邦归往满于郊郭释下流之交。唐玄宗御注以谦德释下流，大国当开纳、天下之人交至；御疏以江海处众流之下、百川委输，有道则国存、无德则人散申之。严遵辑文谓大国地广，有道则固于磐石、宁于泰山，失道则危于累卵、轻于鸿毛，不当矜贵。李荣以交为会，海在众流之下、百川交归，理国者自视缺然则万国同会。陆希声以众国所归释大国、众流所会释下流，故为天下之交、天下之牝。吕惠卿以知以道治国而不知交天下，则虽不伤人而有伤其人者，大国下流、天下之交、天下之牝乃交天下而保其人之道。苏辙以天下之归大国犹众水之趋下流。吴澄以交为会，大国为诸小国之交会如水之下流。憨山以流之在下如江海众水归之，大国为天下之交、纳污含垢、虚而能受如天下之牝。魏源移牝字，谓下牝字当在牡字之下乃倒文。王夫之正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙于受、愈大则愈可受为说。诸家皆以江海居下、众流交会喻大国之谦德，惟分章与字句小异。" }, { "id": "pin-chang-yi-jing-sheng-mu", "name": "牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下", "nameTrad": "牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下", "question": "牝何以能以靜勝牡，又何以以靜為下？", "questionTrad": "牝何以能以靜勝牡，又何以以靜為下？", "intro": "河上公以女所以勝屈於男、陰勝陽，在安靜不先求，陰道以安靜為謙下。王弼以牝為雌，雄躁動貪欲、雌常以靜故能勝雄，以其靜復能為下故物歸之。成玄英以牝雌靜、牡雄躁，大國常用謙和雌靜故能勝於雄躁，若用剛躁則不能致。唐玄宗御注以牝以雌靜常為牡動所求、由以靜為下；御疏以「天下之交」疊出前文結下流之義，喻如牝以雌靜致牡所求，又以「以靜為下」明牝能勝牡由以靜為下。李榮以牝雌而靜、牡雄而動，靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故謙撝伏跨企、柔弱勝剛強。陸希聲以牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝在柔且靜、能為物下。呂惠卿以天下之交牝、牝常以靜勝牡，所以勝者由以靜為下。蘇轍以眾動之赴靜猶眾高之赴下。吳澄以牝不先動以求牡，動求者招損、靜俟者受益，故以靜勝牡、以靜為下，並疑牝字其一衍。憨山以牡動牝靜，動則不育、靜能有生，故牝以靜勝牡，聖人無為任物各遂其生，靜為群動之歸趨。魏源校記謂下牝字當在牡字下乃倒文，陳象古斷句亦非。王夫之以靜其欲、靜其動為說。諸家皆以靜制動、以柔勝剛釋之。", "introTrad": "河上公以女所以勝屈於男、陰勝陽，在安靜不先求，陰道以安靜為謙下。王弼以牝為雌，雄躁動貪欲、雌常以靜故能勝雄，以其靜復能為下故物歸之。成玄英以牝雌靜、牡雄躁，大國常用謙和雌靜故能勝於雄躁，若用剛躁則不能致。唐玄宗御注以牝以雌靜常為牡動所求、由以靜為下；御疏以「天下之交」疊出前文結下流之義，喻如牝以雌靜致牡所求，又以「以靜為下」明牝能勝牡由以靜為下。李榮以牝雌而靜、牡雄而動，靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故謙撝伏跨企、柔弱勝剛強。陸希聲以牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝在柔且靜、能為物下。呂惠卿以天下之交牝、牝常以靜勝牡，所以勝者由以靜為下。蘇轍以眾動之赴靜猶眾高之赴下。吳澄以牝不先動以求牡，動求者招損、靜俟者受益，故以靜勝牡、以靜為下，並疑牝字其一衍。憨山以牡動牝靜，動則不育、靜能有生，故牝以靜勝牡，聖人無為任物各遂其生，靜為群動之歸趨。魏源校記謂下牝字當在牡字下乃倒文，陳象古斷句亦非。王夫之以靜其欲、靜其動為說。諸家皆以靜制動、以柔勝剛釋之。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "陰勝陽在安靜不先求；陰道以安靜為謙下。", "thesisTrad": "陰勝陽在安靜不先求；陰道以安靜為謙下。", "noteIds": [ "c004", "c005" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "阴胜阳在安静不先求；阴道以安静为谦下。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "牝為雌；雄躁動、雌常以靜故勝，以其靜復能為下故物歸之。", "thesisTrad": "牝為雌；雄躁動、雌常以靜故勝，以其靜復能為下故物歸之。", "noteIds": [ "c015" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "牝为雌；雄躁动、雌常以静故胜，以其静复能为下故物归之。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "牝雌靜、牡雄躁，常用謙和雌靜故能勝雄躁。", "thesisTrad": "牝雌靜、牡雄躁，常用謙和雌靜故能勝雄躁。", "noteIds": [ "c021" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "牝雌静、牡雄躁，常用谦和雌静故能胜雄躁。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "牝以雌靜常為牡動所求，由以靜為下。", "thesisTrad": "牝以雌靜常為牡動所求，由以靜為下。", "noteIds": [ "c028", "c034", "c035" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "牝以雌静常为牡动所求，由以静为下。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故柔弱勝剛強。", "thesisTrad": "靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故柔弱勝剛強。", "noteIds": [ "c043" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "静可制动、阴可屈阳，故柔弱胜刚强。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝在柔靜能為物下。", "thesisTrad": "牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝在柔靜能為物下。", "noteIds": [ "c048" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "牝以卑静自守而为众牡所悦，其胜在柔静能为物下。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "天下之交牝，牝常以靜勝牡，所以勝者由以靜為下。", "thesisTrad": "天下之交牝，牝常以靜勝牡，所以勝者由以靜為下。", "noteIds": [ "c049" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "天下之交牝，牝常以静胜牡，所以胜者由以静为下。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "眾動之赴靜，猶眾高之赴下。", "thesisTrad": "眾動之赴靜，猶眾高之赴下。", "noteIds": [ "c051" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "众动之赴静，犹众高之赴下。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "牝不先動以求牡，動求招損、靜俟受益，故以靜為下。", "thesisTrad": "牝不先動以求牡，動求招損、靜俟受益，故以靜為下。", "noteIds": [ "c055" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "牝不先动以求牡，动求招损、静俟受益，故以静为下。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "牡動牝靜，靜能有生；靜為群動之歸趨，故以靜為下。", "thesisTrad": "牡動牝靜，靜能有生；靜為群動之歸趨，故以靜為下。", "noteIds": [ "c060" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "牡动牝静，静能有生；静为群动之归趋，故以静为下。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "移牝字作「常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」；下牝字乃倒文。", "thesisTrad": "移牝字作「常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」；下牝字乃倒文。", "noteIds": [ "c063" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "移牝字作「常以静胜牡，牝以静为下」；下牝字乃倒文。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。", "thesisTrad": "靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。", "noteIds": [ "c066" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "静其欲、静其动，江海所以为百谷王。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c004", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以安靜不先求、陰勝陽立說。", "textTrad": "河上公以安靜不先求、陰勝陽立說。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以安静不先求、阴胜阳立说。" }, { "noteId": "c015", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以雌常以靜故能勝雄申之。", "textTrad": "王弼以雌常以靜故能勝雄申之。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以雌常以静故能胜雄申之。" }, { "noteId": "c021", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以謙和雌靜勝雄躁分疏。", "textTrad": "成玄英以謙和雌靜勝雄躁分疏。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以谦和雌静胜雄躁分疏。" }, { "noteId": "c028", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以牝雌靜為牡所求立說。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以牝雌靜為牡所求立說。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以牝雌静为牡所求立说。" }, { "noteId": "c034", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以天下之交疊出前文、喻牝致牡所求。", "textTrad": "御疏以天下之交疊出前文、喻牝致牡所求。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以天下之交叠出前文、喻牝致牡所求。" }, { "noteId": "c043", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以靜制動、陰屈陽轉進。", "textTrad": "李榮以靜制動、陰屈陽轉進。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以静制动、阴屈阳转进。" }, { "noteId": "c048", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以卑靜自守、為物之下別解。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以卑靜自守、為物之下別解。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以卑静自守、为物之下别解。" }, { "noteId": "c049", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以勝由以靜為下為說。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以勝由以靜為下為說。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以胜由以静为下为说。" }, { "noteId": "c051", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以眾動赴靜、眾高赴下申說。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以眾動赴靜、眾高赴下申說。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以众动赴静、众高赴下申说。" }, { "noteId": "c055", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以動求招損、靜俟受益為說。", "textTrad": "吳澄以動求招損、靜俟受益為說。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以动求招损、静俟受益为说。" }, { "noteId": "c060", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以靜能有生、群動歸趨轉深。", "textTrad": "憨山以靜能有生、群動歸趨轉深。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以静能有生、群动归趋转深。" }, { "noteId": "c063", "relation": "按語", "relationTrad": "按語", "text": "魏源校記出牝字倒文、陳象古斷句之非。", "textTrad": "魏源校記出牝字倒文、陳象古斷句之非。", "relationSimp": "按语", "textSimp": "魏源校记出牝字倒文、陈象古断句之非。" }, { "noteId": "c066", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以靜欲靜動作結。", "textTrad": "王夫之以靜欲靜動作結。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以静欲静动作结。" } ], "nameSimp": "牝常以静胜牡，以静为下", "questionSimp": "牝何以能以静胜牡，又何以以静为下？", "introSimp": "河上公以女所以胜屈于男、阴胜阳，在安静不先求，阴道以安静为谦下。王弼以牝为雌，雄躁动贪欲、雌常以静故能胜雄，以其静复能为下故物归之。成玄英以牝雌静、牡雄躁，大国常用谦和雌静故能胜于雄躁，若用刚躁则不能致。唐玄宗御注以牝以雌静常为牡动所求、由以静为下；御疏以「天下之交」叠出前文结下流之义，喻如牝以雌静致牡所求，又以「以静为下」明牝能胜牡由以静为下。李荣以牝雌而静、牡雄而动，静可制动、阴可屈阳，故谦㧑伏跨企、柔弱胜刚强。陆希声以牝以卑静自守而为众牡所悦，其胜在柔且静、能为物下。吕惠卿以天下之交牝、牝常以静胜牡，所以胜者由以静为下。苏辙以众动之赴静犹众高之赴下。吴澄以牝不先动以求牡，动求者招损、静俟者受益，故以静胜牡、以静为下，并疑牝字其一衍。憨山以牡动牝静，动则不育、静能有生，故牝以静胜牡，圣人无为任物各遂其生，静为群动之归趋。魏源校记谓下牝字当在牡字下乃倒文，陈象古断句亦非。王夫之以静其欲、静其动为说。诸家皆以静制动、以柔胜刚释之。" }, { "id": "gu-da-guo-yi-xia-xiao-guo", "name": "故大國以下小國，則取小國；小國以下大國，則取大國", "nameTrad": "故大國以下小國，則取小國；小國以下大國，則取大國", "question": "大國下小國、小國下大國，何以皆能取得？", "questionTrad": "大國下小國、小國下大國，何以皆能取得？", "intro": "河上公以能謙下之則常有之，國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失。王弼以大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之。成玄英以用謙攝化萬邦、小國守分雌柔聚於大國。唐玄宗御注以大取小為臣妾、小取大為援助；御疏以「故」仍上結前，大國不事威武而用謙卑、懷來附庸，小國朝聘會盟、卑下事大以取援助。李榮以謙為德可以容人，未能卑退不可取聚。陸希聲以大國下小國是道之動、小國下大國是道之用，故有以取、而取之別。呂惠卿以大之於小宜若可以無下，而下之者以取之故；小之於大不得不下而取之。蘇轍以大國能下則小國附之，小國能下則大國納之。吳澄以大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑，下以取、下而取分釋。憨山以大字小如母育子、小事大如子奉母，取者得之易。魏源校記出「于」字、「聚」字異文。王夫之以相報以實、相爭以名為說。諸家皆以謙下為取人之道。", "introTrad": "河上公以能謙下之則常有之，國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失。王弼以大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之。成玄英以用謙攝化萬邦、小國守分雌柔聚於大國。唐玄宗御注以大取小為臣妾、小取大為援助；御疏以「故」仍上結前，大國不事威武而用謙卑、懷來附庸，小國朝聘會盟、卑下事大以取援助。李榮以謙為德可以容人，未能卑退不可取聚。陸希聲以大國下小國是道之動、小國下大國是道之用，故有以取、而取之別。呂惠卿以大之於小宜若可以無下，而下之者以取之故；小之於大不得不下而取之。蘇轍以大國能下則小國附之，小國能下則大國納之。吳澄以大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑，下以取、下而取分釋。憨山以大字小如母育子、小事大如子奉母，取者得之易。魏源校記出「于」字、「聚」字異文。王夫之以相報以實、相爭以名為說。諸家皆以謙下為取人之道。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "能謙下之則常有之；國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失。", "thesisTrad": "能謙下之則常有之；國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失。", "noteIds": [ "c006", "c007" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "能谦下之则常有之；国无大小能执谦畜人则无过失。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之。", "thesisTrad": "大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之。", "noteIds": [ "c016" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "大国下小国则小国附之，小国下大国则大国纳之。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "用謙攝化萬邦；小國守分雌柔，聚於大國。", "thesisTrad": "用謙攝化萬邦；小國守分雌柔，聚於大國。", "noteIds": [ "c022", "c023" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "用谦摄化万邦；小国守分雌柔，聚于大国。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "大取小為臣妾，小取大為援助。", "thesisTrad": "大取小為臣妾，小取大為援助。", "noteIds": [ "c029", "c036", "c037" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "大取小为臣妾，小取大为援助。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "以謙為德可以容人；未能卑退，不可取聚。", "thesisTrad": "以謙為德可以容人；未能卑退，不可取聚。", "noteIds": [ "c044" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "以谦为德可以容人；未能卑退，不可取聚。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "大國下小國是道之動，小國下大國是道之用。", "thesisTrad": "大國下小國是道之動，小國下大國是道之用。", "noteIds": [ "c048" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "大国下小国是道之动，小国下大国是道之用。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "大之於小下之者以取之故；小之於大不得不下而取之。", "thesisTrad": "大之於小下之者以取之故；小之於大不得不下而取之。", "noteIds": [ "c049" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "大之于小下之者以取之故；小之于大不得不下而取之。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "大國能下則小國附之，小國能下則大國納之。", "thesisTrad": "大國能下則小國附之，小國能下則大國納之。", "noteIds": [ "c052" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "大国能下则小国附之，小国能下则大国纳之。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑；下以取、下而取分釋。", "thesisTrad": "大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑；下以取、下而取分釋。", "noteIds": [ "c056" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "大国不恃其尊、小国甘处于卑；下以取、下而取分释。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "大字小如母育子，小事大如子奉母；取者得之易。", "thesisTrad": "大字小如母育子，小事大如子奉母；取者得之易。", "noteIds": [ "c061" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "大字小如母育子，小事大如子奉母；取者得之易。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "校記出傅奕「于」字、河上一本「聚」字異文。", "thesisTrad": "校記出傅奕「于」字、河上一本「聚」字異文。", "noteIds": [ "c063" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "校记出傅奕「于」字、河上一本「聚」字异文。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "天下相報以實、相爭以名，欲兼畜人非能畜人。", "thesisTrad": "天下相報以實、相爭以名，欲兼畜人非能畜人。", "noteIds": [ "c066" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "天下相报以实、相争以名，欲兼畜人非能畜人。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c006", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以能謙下則常有之立說。", "textTrad": "河上公以能謙下則常有之立說。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以能谦下则常有之立说。" }, { "noteId": "c016", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以小國附之、大國納之申之。", "textTrad": "王弼以小國附之、大國納之申之。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以小国附之、大国纳之申之。" }, { "noteId": "c022", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以用謙攝化、重譯來貢分疏。", "textTrad": "成玄英以用謙攝化、重譯來貢分疏。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以用谦摄化、重译来贡分疏。" }, { "noteId": "c029", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以大取小、小取大立說。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以大取小、小取大立說。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以大取小、小取大立说。" }, { "noteId": "c036", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以「故」仍上結前、懷來附庸分疏。", "textTrad": "御疏以「故」仍上結前、懷來附庸分疏。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以「故」仍上结前、怀来附庸分疏。" }, { "noteId": "c044", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以謙為德可以容人轉進。", "textTrad": "李榮以謙為德可以容人轉進。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以谦为德可以容人转进。" }, { "noteId": "c048", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以道之動、道之用別解。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以道之動、道之用別解。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以道之动、道之用别解。" }, { "noteId": "c049", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以取之故、不得不下為說。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以取之故、不得不下為說。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以取之故、不得不下为说。" }, { "noteId": "c052", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以附之、納之申說。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以附之、納之申說。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以附之、纳之申说。" }, { "noteId": "c056", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以不恃尊、甘處卑分釋。", "textTrad": "吳澄以不恃尊、甘處卑分釋。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以不恃尊、甘处卑分释。" }, { "noteId": "c061", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以母育子、子奉母轉深。", "textTrad": "憨山以母育子、子奉母轉深。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以母育子、子奉母转深。" }, { "noteId": "c063", "relation": "按語", "relationTrad": "按語", "text": "魏源校記出「于」字、「聚」字異文。", "textTrad": "魏源校記出「于」字、「聚」字異文。", "relationSimp": "按语", "textSimp": "魏源校记出「于」字、「聚」字异文。" }, { "noteId": "c066", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以實名相報相爭作結。", "textTrad": "王夫之以實名相報相爭作結。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以实名相报相争作结。" } ], "nameSimp": "故大国以下小国，则取小国；小国以下大国，则取大国", "questionSimp": "大国下小国、小国下大国，何以皆能取得？", "introSimp": "河上公以能谦下之则常有之，国无大小能执谦畜人则无过失。王弼以大国下小国则小国附之，小国下大国则大国纳之。成玄英以用谦摄化万邦、小国守分雌柔聚于大国。唐玄宗御注以大取小为臣妾、小取大为援助；御疏以「故」仍上结前，大国不事威武而用谦卑、怀来附庸，小国朝聘会盟、卑下事大以取援助。李荣以谦为德可以容人，未能卑退不可取聚。陆希声以大国下小国是道之动、小国下大国是道之用，故有以取、而取之别。吕惠卿以大之于小宜若可以无下，而下之者以取之故；小之于大不得不下而取之。苏辙以大国能下则小国附之，小国能下则大国纳之。吴澄以大国不恃其尊、小国甘处于卑，下以取、下而取分释。憨山以大字小如母育子、小事大如子奉母，取者得之易。魏源校记出「于」字、「聚」字异文。王夫之以相报以实、相争以名为说。诸家皆以谦下为取人之道。" }, { "id": "fu-liang-zhe-ge-de-qi-suo-yu", "name": "夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下", "nameTrad": "夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下", "question": "兩者各得所欲之後，何以獨言大者宜為下？", "questionTrad": "兩者各得所欲之後，何以獨言大者宜為下？", "intro": "河上公以大小各欲得其所，大國又宜為謙下。王弼以小國修下自全、不能令天下歸之，大國修下則天下歸之，故曰各得其所欲則大者宜為下。成玄英以大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下，即高者抑之之義。唐玄宗御注以一求臣妾、一求援助，各得所欲，大國常戒滿盈故云宜下；御疏以物未嘗以小輕大而必以大凌小，恐大國驕盈致禍，故特誡大者宜為謙下。嚴遵輯文謂大國地廣，不當矜貴。李榮以俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、貴者凌賤，重誡大者以為下。陸希聲以小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下。呂惠卿以大小莫不宜為下，小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下。吳澄以小者素在人下不患不能下，大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下。憨山以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德。魏源引吳澄、林希逸、黃茂材，謂章首但言大國天下之交而不云小國天下之牝，蓋牝之為小不待言，而大者未必知法水之善下，故始終皆舉大為言。王夫之以愈大則愈可受、靜其欲靜其動、江海所以為百谷王作結。諸家皆以兩者各得所欲而大者尤宜謙下終篇。", "introTrad": "河上公以大小各欲得其所，大國又宜為謙下。王弼以小國修下自全、不能令天下歸之，大國修下則天下歸之，故曰各得其所欲則大者宜為下。成玄英以大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下，即高者抑之之義。唐玄宗御注以一求臣妾、一求援助，各得所欲，大國常戒滿盈故云宜下；御疏以物未嘗以小輕大而必以大凌小，恐大國驕盈致禍，故特誡大者宜為謙下。嚴遵輯文謂大國地廣，不當矜貴。李榮以俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、貴者凌賤，重誡大者以為下。陸希聲以小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下。呂惠卿以大小莫不宜為下，小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下。吳澄以小者素在人下不患不能下，大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下。憨山以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德。魏源引吳澄、林希逸、黃茂材，謂章首但言大國天下之交而不云小國天下之牝，蓋牝之為小不待言，而大者未必知法水之善下，故始終皆舉大為言。王夫之以愈大則愈可受、靜其欲靜其動、江海所以為百谷王作結。諸家皆以兩者各得所欲而大者尤宜謙下終篇。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "大國小國各欲得其所，大國又宜為謙下。", "thesisTrad": "大國小國各欲得其所，大國又宜為謙下。", "noteIds": [ "c011" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "大国小国各欲得其所，大国又宜为谦下。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "小國修下自全，大國修下則天下歸之，故大者宜為下。", "thesisTrad": "小國修下自全，大國修下則天下歸之，故大者宜為下。", "noteIds": [ "c018" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "小国修下自全，大国修下则天下归之，故大者宜为下。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下，即高者抑之。", "thesisTrad": "大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下，即高者抑之。", "noteIds": [ "c026" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "大小俱用柔和而大国特宜偏行谦下，即高者抑之。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "各得所欲；大國常戒滿盈，故云宜下。", "thesisTrad": "各得所欲；大國常戒滿盈，故云宜下。", "noteIds": [ "c032", "c040" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "各得所欲；大国常戒满盈，故云宜下。" }, "yanzun": { "workType": "輯文", "workTypeTrad": "輯文", "thesis": "大國地廣，有道則固、失道則危，不當矜貴。", "thesisTrad": "大國地廣，有道則固、失道則危，不當矜貴。", "noteIds": [ "c041" ], "workTypeSimp": "辑文", "thesisSimp": "大国地广，有道则固、失道则危，不当矜贵。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小，重誡大者以為下。", "thesisTrad": "俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小，重誡大者以為下。", "noteIds": [ "c047" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "俱称所怀、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小，重诫大者以为下。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下。", "thesisTrad": "小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下。", "noteIds": [ "c048" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "小国自全、大国天下归之，故大国宜先下。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "大小莫不宜為下；小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下。", "thesisTrad": "大小莫不宜為下；小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下。", "noteIds": [ "c049" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "大小莫不宜为下；小不能下大则祸灾及之，故独曰大者宜为下。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "小者不患不能下，大者或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下。", "thesisTrad": "小者不患不能下，大者或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下。", "noteIds": [ "c057" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "小者不患不能下，大者或恐不能下，故曰大者宜为下。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德。", "thesisTrad": "大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德。", "noteIds": [ "c062" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，盖伤时诸侯以力不以德。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "章首但言大國天下之交而不云小國天下之牝，故始終皆舉大為言。", "thesisTrad": "章首但言大國天下之交而不云小國天下之牝，故始終皆舉大為言。", "noteIds": [ "c064", "c065" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "章首但言大国天下之交而不云小国天下之牝，故始终皆举大为言。" }, "wangfuzhi": { "workType": "衍", "workTypeTrad": "衍", "thesis": "愈大則愈可受；靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。", "thesisTrad": "愈大則愈可受；靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。", "noteIds": [ "c066" ], "workTypeSimp": "衍", "thesisSimp": "愈大则愈可受；静其欲、静其动，江海所以为百谷王。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c011", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以大小各得其所、大國宜謙下立說。", "textTrad": "河上公以大小各得其所、大國宜謙下立說。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以大小各得其所、大国宜谦下立说。" }, { "noteId": "c018", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以小國自全、大國天下歸之申之。", "textTrad": "王弼以小國自全、大國天下歸之申之。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以小国自全、大国天下归之申之。" }, { "noteId": "c026", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以高者抑之分疏。", "textTrad": "成玄英以高者抑之分疏。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以高者抑之分疏。" }, { "noteId": "c032", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以常戒滿盈故云宜下立說。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以常戒滿盈故云宜下立說。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以常戒满盈故云宜下立说。" }, { "noteId": "c040", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以恐大國驕盈致禍特誡之。", "textTrad": "御疏以恐大國驕盈致禍特誡之。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以恐大国骄盈致祸特诫之。" }, { "noteId": "c041", "relation": "輯文", "relationTrad": "輯文", "text": "嚴遵輯文以大國地廣、不當矜貴別解。", "textTrad": "嚴遵輯文以大國地廣、不當矜貴別解。", "relationSimp": "辑文", "textSimp": "严遵辑文以大国地广、不当矜贵别解。" }, { "noteId": "c047", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以恐大者蔑小、重誡為下轉進。", "textTrad": "李榮以恐大者蔑小、重誡為下轉進。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以恐大者蔑小、重诫为下转进。" }, { "noteId": "c048", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以大國宜先下別解。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以大國宜先下別解。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以大国宜先下别解。" }, { "noteId": "c049", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以大小莫不宜為下、小不能下大為說。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以大小莫不宜為下、小不能下大為說。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以大小莫不宜为下、小不能下大为说。" }, { "noteId": "c057", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以小者不患、大者恐不能下申說。", "textTrad": "吳澄以小者不患、大者恐不能下申說。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以小者不患、大者恐不能下申说。" }, { "noteId": "c062", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以傷時諸侯以力不以德轉深。", "textTrad": "憨山以傷時諸侯以力不以德轉深。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以伤时诸侯以力不以德转深。" }, { "noteId": "c064", "relation": "本義", "relationTrad": "本義", "text": "魏源引吳澄以江海善下、牝不先動分喻。", "textTrad": "魏源引吳澄以江海善下、牝不先動分喻。", "relationSimp": "本义", "textSimp": "魏源引吴澄以江海善下、牝不先动分喻。" }, { "noteId": "c065", "relation": "按語", "relationTrad": "按語", "text": "魏源源案謂始終皆舉大為言。", "textTrad": "魏源源案謂始終皆舉大為言。", "relationSimp": "按语", "textSimp": "魏源源案谓始终皆举大为言。" }, { "noteId": "c066", "relation": "衍", "relationTrad": "衍", "text": "王夫之以江海為百谷王作結。", "textTrad": "王夫之以江海為百谷王作結。", "relationSimp": "衍", "textSimp": "王夫之以江海为百谷王作结。" } ], "nameSimp": "夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下", "questionSimp": "两者各得所欲之后，何以独言大者宜为下？", "introSimp": "河上公以大小各欲得其所，大国又宜为谦下。王弼以小国修下自全、不能令天下归之，大国修下则天下归之，故曰各得其所欲则大者宜为下。成玄英以大小俱用柔和而大国特宜偏行谦下，即高者抑之之义。唐玄宗御注以一求臣妾、一求援助，各得所欲，大国常戒满盈故云宜下；御疏以物未尝以小轻大而必以大凌小，恐大国骄盈致祸，故特诫大者宜为谦下。严遵辑文谓大国地广，不当矜贵。李荣以俱称所怀、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、贵者凌贱，重诫大者以为下。陆希声以小国自全、大国天下归之，故大国宜先下。吕惠卿以大小莫不宜为下，小不能下大则祸灾及之，故独曰大者宜为下。吴澄以小者素在人下不患不能下，大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜为下。憨山以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，盖伤时诸侯以力不以德。魏源引吴澄、林希逸、黄茂材，谓章首但言大国天下之交而不云小国天下之牝，盖牝之为小不待言，而大者未必知法水之善下，故始终皆举大为言。王夫之以愈大则愈可受、静其欲静其动、江海所以为百谷王作结。诸家皆以两者各得所欲而大者尤宜谦下终篇。" } ], "requiredSources": [ "heshanggong", "tangxuanzong" ] }, "schema": "librebook.chapter/1", "generatedAt": "2026-10-30T11:41:46.927Z", "keyPrefix": "laozi-61", "idRules": { "chapter": "章节目录名（slug），如 01；URL 为 /laozi/01/。", "sentence": "章内局部编号 sNNN，全篇引用使用 laozi-01:sNNN；页面锚点继续使用 #sNNN。", "commentary": "章内注号 cNNN，字词注 nNNN，校记 kNNN；编号在章内稳定，跨章引用时加章节前缀。", "paragraph": "章内段落号 pNNN，与 sentence.paragraph 对应。" }, "book": { "id": "laozi", "slug": "laozi", "title": "老子", "titleSimp": "老子", "author": "老聃", "authorSimp": "老聃", "era": "春秋", "eraSimp": "春秋", "editor": "河上公、王弼等", "editorSimp": "河上公、王弼等", "edition": "王弼《老子注》", "editionSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabel": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabelSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "separationLabel": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍老子解、吳澄道德真經注、憨山道德經解、魏源老子本義、俞樾平議、王夫之老子衍十四家", "separationLabelSimp": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙老子解、吴澄道德真经注、憨山道德经解、魏源老子本义、俞樾平议、王夫之老子衍十四家", "intro": "《老子》八十一章，分道經、德經。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》為底本，逐章整理正文、舊注、今譯與校記；第一至八十一章已上線，全帙完竣。", "introSimp": "《老子》八十一章，分道经、德经。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》为底本，逐章整理正文、旧注、今译与校记；第一至八十一章已上线，全帙完竣。" }, "volume": { "id": "dejing", "order": 2, "title": "德經", "titleSimp": "德经" }, "chapter": { "id": "laozi-61", "slug": "61", "order": 61, "title": "第六十一章", "titleSimp": "第六十一章", "status": "published", "revision": "初校", "review": "待复核", "updated": "2026-10-30", "summary": "第六十一章〈大國者下流章〉全章六句：首句言大國者下流、天下之交、天下之牝；第二句言牝常以靜勝牡、以靜為下；第三句言故大國以下小國則取小國、小國以下大國則取大國；第四句言故或下以取、或下而取；第五句言大國不過欲兼畜人、小國不過欲入事人；第六句言夫兩者各得其所欲、大者宜為下。河上公以治大國當如居下流、不逆細微，天下士民交會；牝為陰類，柔謙和而不唱，以安靜不先求勝男；能謙下則常有之，國無大小能執謙畜人則無過失；大國兼并牧畜、小國使為臣僕；末以大小各得其所、大國又宜謙下釋之；王弼以江海居大處下、百川流之喻大國；天下所歸會為交，靜而不求、物自歸之為牝；牝以靜故能為下，雄躁動貪欲、雌常以靜故勝；大國下小國則小國附之，小國下大國則大國納之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小國修下自全、大國修下則天下歸之，故大者宜為下；成玄英標章義，分全章為三：初明接物謙和以靜攝躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大國虛容譬江海、萬邦歸往滿於郊郭釋下流之交，以牝雌靜勝牡雄躁明柔順為先，以用謙攝化、小國守分聚於大國釋兩取，以用下則同、取之則別釋「或」，末以大小俱用柔和而大國特宜偏行謙下；唐玄宗御注以謙德釋下流，大國當開納、天下之人交至，以牝雌靜常為牡動所求、由以靜為下，以大取小為臣妾、小取大為援助，以「以」為大取小、「而」為小取大，末以常戒滿盈故云宜下；御疏申之，謂江海處眾流之下，有道則國存、無德則人散，天下交會由大國謙下，引《春秋》「師能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取，末以物未嘗以小輕大而必以大凌小，恐大國驕盈致禍，故特誡大者宜為謙下；嚴遵《指歸》《玄德纂疏》卷十六存輯文一則，謂大國地廣，有道則固於磐石、寧於泰山，失道則危於累卵、輕於鴻毛，不當矜貴；李榮以交為會，海在眾流之下、百川交歸，理國者自視缺然則萬國同會，牝雌而靜、牡雄而動，靜可制動、陰可屈陽，故謙撝伏跨企、柔弱勝剛強，末以俱稱所懷、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、貴者凌賤，重誡大者以為下；陸希聲以眾國所歸釋大國、眾流所會釋下流，故為天下之交、天下之牝，牝以卑靜自守而為眾牡所悅，其勝牡在柔靜能為物下，大國得術則取小國、小國得術則取大國，大國下小國是道之動故曰以取、小國下大國是道之用故曰而取，末以小國自全、大國天下歸之，故大國宜先下；呂惠卿以知以道治國而不知交天下，則雖不傷人而有傷其人者，大國下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以靜勝牡、以靜為下，乃交天下而保其人之道，大之於小宜若可以無下而下之者以取之故、小之於大不得不下而取之，末以大小莫不宜為下，而小不能下大則禍災及之，故獨曰大者宜為下；蘇轍以天下之歸大國猶眾水趨下流、眾動赴靜猶眾高赴下，大國能下則小國附之、小國能下則大國納之，大國下以取人、小國下而取於人，末句無注；吳澄以交為會，大國為諸小國之交會如水之下流，牝不先動以求牡，動求者招損、靜俟者受益，故以靜勝牡、以靜為下，或疑牝字其一衍，大國不恃其尊、小國甘處於卑，下以取、下而取分釋，末以兩者皆能下則各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下、大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜為下，章首下流喻大國、牝牡喻小國；憨山以君天下當以靜勝為主、不可以力相尚，大國為天下之交、納污含垢、虛而能受如天下之牝，牡動牝靜，動則不育、靜能有生，故牝以靜勝牡，聖人無為而任物各遂其生，靜為群動之歸趨故以靜為下，大字小、小事大皆有以下之，末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，蓋傷時諸侯以力不以德、知動不知靜；魏源此章為其第五十三章，正文從王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校記出焦竑、吳澄、陳象古、傅奕、司馬諸說，謂下牝字當在牡字下乃倒文，並引吳澄、林希逸、黃茂材；王夫之標「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙於受，受而動則名受實不受、欲受而動則實受名不受，天下相報以實、相爭以名，欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，愈大則愈可受，靜其欲、靜其動，江海所以為百谷王。河上公十一注、王弼七注、成玄英章義一則疏七條、唐玄宗御注御疏十四注、嚴遵一輯文、李榮六注、陸希聲一段、呂惠卿一段、蘇轍四注、吳澄四注、憨山一段（本站分五條）、魏源三條、王夫之一段；俞樾此章未列，故十三家。河上公題「謙德第六十一」，《玄德纂疏》題「大國者章第六十一」，呂惠卿、蘇轍題「大國者下流章第六十一」，王弼本無章題；吳澄此章為其第五十二章，魏源此章為其第五十三章，王夫之標「六十一章」。王弼本作「大國者下流，天下之交，天下之牝」「牝常以靜勝牡，以靜為下」「夫兩者各得其所欲，大者宜為下」，陸希聲、呂惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「大邦」「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫兩者各得其欲，故大者宜為下」；魏源移牝字作「常以靜勝牡，牝以靜為下」。並見校記。", "summarySimp": "第六十一章〈大国者下流章〉全章六句：首句言大国者下流、天下之交、天下之牝；第二句言牝常以静胜牡、以静为下；第三句言故大国以下小国则取小国、小国以下大国则取大国；第四句言故或下以取、或下而取；第五句言大国不过欲兼畜人、小国不过欲入事人；第六句言夫两者各得其所欲、大者宜为下。河上公以治大国当如居下流、不逆细微，天下士民交会；牝为阴类，柔谦和而不唱，以安静不先求胜男；能谦下则常有之，国无大小能执谦畜人则无过失；大国兼并牧畜、小国使为臣仆；末以大小各得其所、大国又宜谦下释之；王弼以江海居大处下、百川流之喻大国；天下所归会为交，静而不求、物自归之为牝；牝以静故能为下，雄躁动贪欲、雌常以静故胜；大国下小国则小国附之，小国下大国则大国纳之；唯修卑下乃各得其所；末以小国修下自全、大国修下则天下归之，故大者宜为下；成玄英标章义，分全章为三：初明接物谦和以静摄躁，次明小大守分各有雌柔，末明高者抑之以息跨企；以大国虚容譬江海、万邦归往满于郊郭释下流之交，以牝雌静胜牡雄躁明柔顺为先，以用谦摄化、小国守分聚于大国释两取，以用下则同、取之则别释「或」，末以大小俱用柔和而大国特宜偏行谦下；唐玄宗御注以谦德释下流，大国当开纳、天下之人交至，以牝雌静常为牡动所求、由以静为下，以大取小为臣妾、小取大为援助，以「以」为大取小、「而」为小取大，末以常戒满盈故云宜下；御疏申之，谓江海处众流之下，有道则国存、无德则人散，天下交会由大国谦下，引《春秋》「师能左右之曰以」辨以取、而取，末以物未尝以小轻大而必以大凌小，恐大国骄盈致祸，故特诫大者宜为谦下；严遵《指归》《玄德纂疏》卷十六存辑文一则，谓大国地广，有道则固于磐石、宁于泰山，失道则危于累卵、轻于鸿毛，不当矜贵；李荣以交为会，海在众流之下、百川交归，理国者自视缺然则万国同会，牝雌而静、牡雄而动，静可制动、阴可屈阳，故谦㧑伏跨企、柔弱胜刚强，末以俱称所怀、各得所欲，仍恐大者蔑小、贵者凌贱，重诫大者以为下；陆希声以众国所归释大国、众流所会释下流，故为天下之交、天下之牝，牝以卑静自守而为众牡所悦，其胜牡在柔静能为物下，大国得术则取小国、小国得术则取大国，大国下小国是道之动故曰以取、小国下大国是道之用故曰而取，末以小国自全、大国天下归之，故大国宜先下；吕惠卿以知以道治国而不知交天下，则虽不伤人而有伤其人者，大国下流、天下之交、天下之牝，牝以静胜牡、以静为下，乃交天下而保其人之道，大之于小宜若可以无下而下之者以取之故、小之于大不得不下而取之，末以大小莫不宜为下，而小不能下大则祸灾及之，故独曰大者宜为下；苏辙以天下之归大国犹众水趋下流、众动赴静犹众高赴下，大国能下则小国附之、小国能下则大国纳之，大国下以取人、小国下而取于人，末句无注；吴澄以交为会，大国为诸小国之交会如水之下流，牝不先动以求牡，动求者招损、静俟者受益，故以静胜牡、以静为下，或疑牝字其一衍，大国不恃其尊、小国甘处于卑，下以取、下而取分释，末以两者皆能下则各得所欲，小者素在人下不患不能下、大者非在人下或恐不能下，故曰大者宜为下，章首下流喻大国、牝牡喻小国；憨山以君天下当以静胜为主、不可以力相尚，大国为天下之交、纳污含垢、虚而能受如天下之牝，牡动牝静，动则不育、静能有生，故牝以静胜牡，圣人无为而任物各遂其生，静为群动之归趋故以静为下，大字小、小事大皆有以下之，末以大小各得所欲而大者更宜下，盖伤时诸侯以力不以德、知动不知静；魏源此章为其第五十三章，正文从王弼、河上本惟移牝字，校记出焦竑、吴澄、陈象古、傅奕、司马诸说，谓下牝字当在牡字下乃倒文，并引吴澄、林希逸、黄茂材；王夫之标「六十一章」，正文作「大邦」，以道莫妙于受，受而动则名受实不受、欲受而动则实受名不受，天下相报以实、相争以名，欲兼畜人非能畜人、欲入事人非能事人，愈大则愈可受，静其欲、静其动，江海所以为百谷王。河上公十一注、王弼七注、成玄英章义一则疏七条、唐玄宗御注御疏十四注、严遵一辑文、李荣六注、陆希声一段、吕惠卿一段、苏辙四注、吴澄四注、憨山一段（本站分五条）、魏源三条、王夫之一段；俞樾此章未列，故十三家。河上公题「谦德第六十一」，《玄德纂疏》题「大国者章第六十一」，吕惠卿、苏辙题「大国者下流章第六十一」，王弼本无章题；吴澄此章为其第五十二章，魏源此章为其第五十三章，王夫之标「六十一章」。王弼本作「大国者下流，天下之交，天下之牝」「牝常以静胜牡，以静为下」「夫两者各得其所欲，大者宜为下」，陆希声、吕惠卿一本重出「天下之交」作「天下之交牝」；王夫之作「大邦」「天下之牝，天下之交也」；憨山作「夫两者各得其欲，故大者宜为下」；魏源移牝字作「常以静胜牡，牝以静为下」。并见校记。", 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