{ "meta": { "book": { "id": "laozi", "title": "老子", "titleSimp": "老子", "author": "老聃", "authorSimp": "老聃", "era": "春秋", "eraSimp": "春秋", "editor": "河上公、王弼等", "editorSimp": "河上公、王弼等", "edition": "王弼《老子注》", "editionSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "slug": "laozi", "baseLabel": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabelSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "separationLabel": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍老子解、吳澄道德真經注、憨山道德經解、魏源老子本義、俞樾平議、王夫之老子衍十四家", "separationLabelSimp": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙老子解、吴澄道德真经注、憨山道德经解、魏源老子本义、俞樾平议、王夫之老子衍十四家", "intro": "《老子》八十一章，分道經、德經。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》為底本，逐章整理正文、舊注、今譯與校記；第一至八十一章已上線，全帙完竣。", "introSimp": "《老子》八十一章，分道经、德经。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》为底本，逐章整理正文、旧注、今译与校记；第一至八十一章已上线，全帙完竣。" }, "chapter": { "id": "laozi-74", "no": 74, "part": "德經", "partSimp": "德经", "title": "第七十四章", "titleSimp": "第七十四章", "intro": "《老子》第七十四章，河上公題「制惑第七十四」；成玄英題「人不畏死章第七十四」；呂惠卿題「民常不畏死章第七十四」；蘇轍題「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陸希聲本此章無章題；憨山次為七十四章而無章題；吳澄以此章與上章合為其第六十一章，魏源亦合上章與此章為其第六十一章。王弼通行本正文五句：民不畏死，奈何以死懼之；若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢；常有司殺者殺；夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣。全章由民不畏死說起：刑罰酷深而民不聊生，則死不足懼，以死懼之無益；若民樂生畏死，執奇邪者而殺之，孰敢不服；然生殺自有天司，人君不可代天行刑，代斲者必傷其手。河上公逐句為注七條，以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲傷神、貪財殺身故不知畏死，人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，除己所殘剋而教民去利欲，奇巧者應王法而執殺，司殺者天居高臨下、司察人過，天道至明、司殺有常，人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木，勞而無功，還自傷手、還受其殃。王弼注二條，以詭異亂群釋「奇」，以逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾釋「常有司殺」。成玄英標章義，分全章為四別：一明眾生障重不懼威刑，二明為罪既深必招苦報，三明此苦報自有冥司，四明強代冥司反獲其咎；章義引佩玉握樞、伊呂平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以證死生有命，其疏以染滯深重、曾無恐懼釋民不畏死，以奇詐堅執、冥司捕獲、風刀考楚釋執殺，以三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存釋司殺，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反傷其手釋代斲。唐玄宗御注五條、御疏五條，以縱情動死、習以為常釋不畏死，以清靜為化、不立刑法為教，以奇詐之人天網不失、司殺自殺釋司殺，以人君好自執殺、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲釋代殺，以傷材自傷、殘害百姓、自喪天和釋傷手。嚴遵輯文四則，以窮困輕死、安寧愛身釋民不畏死，以司殺者大臣、帝王無事無為、百官各任釋司殺，以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡釋代殺，以工人拱手、大廈不成、人君專殺、天下失理釋傷手。李榮六條，以物皆愛生、人咸惜死、酷罰使人不畏死，以奇者詭異亂群、強梁亂群之人應執殺，以賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代釋司殺，以天道玄鑒、賞善罰惡著在冥司釋代斲，以頑人少能從化、奸黠多有難防、司刑有職、主殺有官、擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。陸希聲傳一段，以民為利欲所陷、雖死不止，嚴刑酷法不可以威眾，當付有罪於至當，聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者，引《書》「天討有罪，五刑五用」與管仲「無代馬走，無代鳥飛」為說。呂惠卿傳一段，以民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死，以司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用，以刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即為代司殺者殺，其傷可知。蘇轍五條，以政煩刑重、民無所措手足故不畏死，以民安於政、樂生畏死然後執詭異亂群者而殺，以司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺而非我殺，以非天所殺而吾自殺為代司殺，以代斲傷手、代殺及身。吳澄五條，以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死懼之無益，以奇為不正、愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏，以有司殺者在、司殺者天、惟天能殺人、惟大匠能斲木，以代天殺人猶代匠斲木，以代斲手傷譬代殺身害、不有人禍必有天刑；其合章之旨則以民不可懼而不輕殺。憨山解二段，以天命可畏、報應昭然，民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈，以天道昭昭、必有以殺之、居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心，以人主代天行殺如代大匠斲、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手，有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。魏源本義一段、校記一條，以明太祖讀「民不畏死，奈何以死懼之」而有感、罷極刑而囚役之，見仁人之言其利溥；校記謂「常有司殺者」以下六句河上、王弼、開元、陳象古諸本各不同，其本前四句從傅奕、末兩句從《淮南子》，又記傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死懼之」作「如之何其以死懼之」、「吾得執而殺之」無「執」字、一本「得」作「豈」。王夫之《老子衍》公開轉錄本止於第六十六章，俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列，故均不列。本站以王弼《老子注》通行本為底本，分列河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸輯文、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》，並附編者今譯。", "introSimp": "《老子》第七十四章，河上公题「制惑第七十四」；成玄英题「人不畏死章第七十四」；吕惠卿题「民常不畏死章第七十四」；苏辙题「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陆希声本此章无章题；憨山次为七十四章而无章题；吴澄以此章与上章合为其第六十一章，魏源亦合上章与此章为其第六十一章。王弼通行本正文五句：民不畏死，奈何以死惧之；若使民常畏死，而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢；常有司杀者杀；夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣。全章由民不畏死说起：刑罚酷深而民不聊生，则死不足惧，以死惧之无益；若民乐生畏死，执奇邪者而杀之，孰敢不服；然生杀自有天司，人君不可代天行刑，代斲者必伤其手。河上公逐句为注七条，以刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲伤神、贪财杀身故不知畏死，人君当宽刑罚、教民去情欲，除己所残克而教民去利欲，奇巧者应王法而执杀，司杀者天居高临下、司察人过，天道至明、司杀有常，人君代杀如拙夫代大匠斲木，劳而无功，还自伤手、还受其殃。王弼注二条，以诡异乱群释「奇」，以逆顺者所恶忿、不仁者人所疾释「常有司杀」。成玄英标章义，分全章为四别：一明众生障重不惧威刑，二明为罪既深必招苦报，三明此苦报自有冥司，四明强代冥司反获其咎；章义引佩玉握枢、伊吕平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以证死生有命，其疏以染滞深重、曾无恐惧释民不畏死，以奇诈坚执、冥司捕获、风刀考楚释执杀，以三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存释司杀，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反伤其手释代斲。唐玄宗御注五条、御疏五条，以纵情动死、习以为常释不畏死，以清静为化、不立刑法为教，以奇诈之人天网不失、司杀自杀释司杀，以人君好自执杀、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲释代杀，以伤材自伤、残害百姓、自丧天和释伤手。严遵辑文四则，以穷困轻死、安宁爱身释民不畏死，以司杀者大臣、帝王无事无为、百官各任释司杀，以代司杀者人君、百官失理、政事亡释代杀，以工人拱手、大厦不成、人君专杀、天下失理释伤手。李荣六条，以物皆爱生、人咸惜死、酷罚使人不畏死，以奇者诡异乱群、强梁乱群之人应执杀，以赏罚有主、生杀之官不可擅代释司杀，以天道玄鉴、赏善罚恶着在冥司释代斲，以顽人少能从化、奸黠多有难防、司刑有职、主杀有官、擅杀者如拙夫代巧匠而伤手。陆希声传一段，以民为利欲所陷、虽死不止，严刑酷法不可以威众，当付有罪于至当，圣人法天明威以制五刑，主至当之刑谓之司杀者，引《书》「天讨有罪，五刑五用」与管仲「无代马走，无代鸟飞」为说。吕惠卿传一段，以民固常不畏死，唯无狭其所居、无厌其所生则可使畏威重死，以司杀者天、天讨有罪、五刑五用，以刑戮出于好恶而不用于天讨即为代司杀者杀，其伤可知。苏辙五条，以政烦刑重、民无所措手足故不畏死，以民安于政、乐生畏死然后执诡异乱群者而杀，以司杀者天、天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀而非我杀，以非天所杀而吾自杀为代司杀，以代斲伤手、代杀及身。吴澄五条，以虽杀恶人而为恶者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死惧之无益，以奇为不正、愚民有畏死之心则执杀而人知畏，以有司杀者在、司杀者天、惟天能杀人、惟大匠能斲木，以代天杀人犹代匠斲木，以代斲手伤譬代杀身害、不有人祸必有天刑；其合章之旨则以民不可惧而不轻杀。憨山解二段，以天命可畏、报应昭然，民不畏死则杀之无益、适足以伤慈，以天道昭昭、必有以杀之、居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心，以人主代天行杀如代大匠斲、运斤成风而不伤锋犯手，有心之杀乃嗜杀、反取其殃而自伤其手。魏源本义一段、校记一条，以明太祖读「民不畏死，奈何以死惧之」而有感、罢极刑而囚役之，见仁人之言其利溥；校记谓「常有司杀者」以下六句河上、王弼、开元、陈象古诸本各不同，其本前四句从傅奕、末两句从《淮南子》，又记傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死惧之」作「如之何其以死惧之」、「吾得执而杀之」无「执」字、一本「得」作「岂」。王夫之《老子衍》公开转录本止于第六十六章，俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列，故均不列。本站以王弼《老子注》通行本为底本，分列河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归辑文、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》，并附编者今译。", "guide": "點擊任一句可展開句注；點擊字詞可看本句訓釋；按「諸家並觀」可將同一句的舊注並列對讀，本章十二家舊注。河上公逐句七條；王弼注二條；成玄英章義二則、疏五條；唐玄宗御注五條、御疏五條；嚴遵輯文四條；李榮六條；陸希聲傳一段；呂惠卿傳一段；蘇轍五條；吳澄五條；憨山解二段；魏源本義一段、校記一條。王夫之《老子衍》公開轉錄本止於第六十六章；俞樾此章未列。河上公題「制惑第七十四」；成玄英題「人不畏死章第七十四」；呂惠卿題「民常不畏死章第七十四」；蘇轍題「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陸希聲本無章題；憨山次為七十四章而無章題；吳澄、魏源均以上章與此章合為其第六十一章。諸本異文：《玄德纂疏》所引經文、蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿作「民常不畏死」，蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿又作「若使人常畏死」；王弼道藏本「夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲」作「夫司殺者是大匠斲」；河上公、吳澄、憨山作「希有不傷手矣」。正文從王弼通行本，異文見校記。", "guideSimp": "点击任一句可展开句注；点击字词可看本句训释；按「诸家并观」可将同一句的旧注并列对读，本章十二家旧注。河上公逐句七条；王弼注二条；成玄英章义二则、疏五条；唐玄宗御注五条、御疏五条；严遵辑文四条；李荣六条；陆希声传一段；吕惠卿传一段；苏辙五条；吴澄五条；憨山解二段；魏源本义一段、校记一条。王夫之《老子衍》公开转录本止于第六十六章；俞樾此章未列。河上公题「制惑第七十四」；成玄英题「人不畏死章第七十四」；吕惠卿题「民常不畏死章第七十四」；苏辙题「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陆希声本无章题；憨山次为七十四章而无章题；吴澄、魏源均以上章与此章合为其第六十一章。诸本异文：《玄德纂疏》所引经文、苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿作「民常不畏死」，苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿又作「若使人常畏死」；王弼道藏本「夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲」作「夫司杀者是大匠斲」；河上公、吴澄、憨山作「希有不伤手矣」。正文从王弼通行本，异文见校记。", "slug": "74", "order": 74, "status": "published", "revision": "初校", "review": "待复核", "updated": "2026-10-30", "summary": "第七十四章〈制惑章〉五句：民不畏死，奈何以死懼之；若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢；常有司殺者殺；夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣。王夫之《老子衍》公開轉錄本止於第六十六章；俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列，故均不列。全章由民不畏死說起：刑罰酷深而民不聊生，則死不足懼，以死懼之無益；若民樂生畏死，執奇邪者而殺之，孰敢不服；然生殺自有天司，人君不可代天行刑，代斲者必傷其手。河上公題「制惑第七十四」，逐句為注七條，以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲傷神、貪財殺身故不知畏死，人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，除己所殘剋而教民去利欲，奇巧者應王法而執殺，司殺者天居高臨下、司察人過，天道至明、司殺有常，人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木，勞而無功，還自傷手、還受其殃。王弼注二條，以詭異亂群釋「奇」，以逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾釋「常有司殺」。成玄英章義二則、疏五條，章義分全章為四別：一明眾生障重不懼威刑，二明為罪既深必招苦報，三明此苦報自有冥司，四明強代冥司反獲其咎；引佩玉握樞、伊呂平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以證死生有命；疏以染滯深重、曾無恐懼釋民不畏死，以奇詐堅執、冥司捕獲、風刀考楚釋執殺，以三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存釋司殺，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反傷其手釋代斲。唐玄宗御注五條、御疏五條，御注以縱情動死、習以為常釋不畏死，以清靜為化、不立刑法為教，以奇詐之人天網不失、司殺自殺釋司殺，以人君好自執殺、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲釋代殺，以傷材自傷、殘害百姓、自喪天和釋傷手；御疏以不能守道清靜、放縱情欲、積習生常申之，以化以無為、人皆少欲、獨有奇詐者當執殺申之，以司主也、天鑒孔明、不得其死申司殺，以代司殺者殺、不得天理申代斲，以大匠動合方圓、拙夫必失繩墨、害人喪天和申傷手。嚴遵輯文四則，以窮困輕死、安寧愛身釋民不畏死，以司殺者大臣、帝王無事無為、百官各任釋司殺，以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡釋代殺，以工人拱手、大廈不成、人君專殺、天下失理釋傷手。李榮六條，以物皆愛生、人咸惜死、酷罰使人不畏死，以奇者詭異亂群、強梁亂群之人應執殺，以賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代釋司殺，以天道玄鑒、賞善罰惡著在冥司釋代斲，以頑人少能從化、奸黠多有難防、司刑有職、主殺有官、擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。陸希聲傳一段，以民為利欲所陷、雖死不止，嚴刑酷法不可以威眾，當付有罪於至當，聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者，引《書》「天討有罪，五刑五用」與管仲「無代馬走，無代鳥飛」為說。呂惠卿傳一段，以民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死，以司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用，以刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即為代司殺者殺，其傷可知。蘇轍五條，以政煩刑重、民無所措手足故不畏死，以民安於政、樂生畏死然後執詭異亂群者而殺，以司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺而非我殺，以非天所殺而吾自殺為代司殺，以代斲傷手、代殺及身。吳澄五條，以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死懼之無益，以奇為不正、愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏，以有司殺者在、司殺者天、惟天能殺人、惟大匠能斲木，以代天殺人猶代匠斲木，以代斲手傷譬代殺身害、不有人禍必有天刑。憨山解二段，以天命可畏、報應昭然，民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈，以天道昭昭、必有以殺之、居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心，以人主代天行殺如代大匠斲、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手，有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。魏源本義一段、校記一條，以明太祖讀「民不畏死，奈何以死懼之」而有感、罷極刑而囚役之，見仁人之言其利溥；校記謂「常有司殺者」以下六句河上、王弼、開元、陳象古諸本各不同，其本前四句從傅奕、末兩句從《淮南子》，又記傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死懼之」作「如之何其以死懼之」、「吾得執而殺之」無「執」字、一本「得」作「豈」。河上公題「制惑第七十四」；成玄英題「人不畏死章第七十四」；呂惠卿題「民常不畏死章第七十四」；蘇轍題「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陸希聲本無章題；憨山次為七十四章而無章題；吳澄、魏源均以上章與此章合為其第六十一章。諸本異文：《玄德纂疏》所引經文、蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿作「民常不畏死」「若使人常畏死」；王弼道藏本「夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲」作「夫司殺者是大匠斲」；河上公、吳澄、憨山作「希有不傷手矣」。正文從王弼通行本，異文見校記。", "summarySimp": "第七十四章〈制惑章〉五句：民不畏死，奈何以死惧之；若使民常畏死，而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢；常有司杀者杀；夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣。王夫之《老子衍》公开转录本止于第六十六章；俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列，故均不列。全章由民不畏死说起：刑罚酷深而民不聊生，则死不足惧，以死惧之无益；若民乐生畏死，执奇邪者而杀之，孰敢不服；然生杀自有天司，人君不可代天行刑，代斲者必伤其手。河上公题「制惑第七十四」，逐句为注七条，以刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲伤神、贪财杀身故不知畏死，人君当宽刑罚、教民去情欲，除己所残克而教民去利欲，奇巧者应王法而执杀，司杀者天居高临下、司察人过，天道至明、司杀有常，人君代杀如拙夫代大匠斲木，劳而无功，还自伤手、还受其殃。王弼注二条，以诡异乱群释「奇」，以逆顺者所恶忿、不仁者人所疾释「常有司杀」。成玄英章义二则、疏五条，章义分全章为四别：一明众生障重不惧威刑，二明为罪既深必招苦报，三明此苦报自有冥司，四明强代冥司反获其咎；引佩玉握枢、伊吕平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以证死生有命；疏以染滞深重、曾无恐惧释民不畏死，以奇诈坚执、冥司捕获、风刀考楚释执杀，以三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存释司杀，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反伤其手释代斲。唐玄宗御注五条、御疏五条，御注以纵情动死、习以为常释不畏死，以清静为化、不立刑法为教，以奇诈之人天网不失、司杀自杀释司杀，以人君好自执杀、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲释代杀，以伤材自伤、残害百姓、自丧天和释伤手；御疏以不能守道清静、放纵情欲、积习生常申之，以化以无为、人皆少欲、独有奇诈者当执杀申之，以司主也、天鉴孔明、不得其死申司杀，以代司杀者杀、不得天理申代斲，以大匠动合方圆、拙夫必失绳墨、害人丧天和申伤手。严遵辑文四则，以穷困轻死、安宁爱身释民不畏死，以司杀者大臣、帝王无事无为、百官各任释司杀，以代司杀者人君、百官失理、政事亡释代杀，以工人拱手、大厦不成、人君专杀、天下失理释伤手。李荣六条，以物皆爱生、人咸惜死、酷罚使人不畏死，以奇者诡异乱群、强梁乱群之人应执杀，以赏罚有主、生杀之官不可擅代释司杀，以天道玄鉴、赏善罚恶着在冥司释代斲，以顽人少能从化、奸黠多有难防、司刑有职、主杀有官、擅杀者如拙夫代巧匠而伤手。陆希声传一段，以民为利欲所陷、虽死不止，严刑酷法不可以威众，当付有罪于至当，圣人法天明威以制五刑，主至当之刑谓之司杀者，引《书》「天讨有罪，五刑五用」与管仲「无代马走，无代鸟飞」为说。吕惠卿传一段，以民固常不畏死，唯无狭其所居、无厌其所生则可使畏威重死，以司杀者天、天讨有罪、五刑五用，以刑戮出于好恶而不用于天讨即为代司杀者杀，其伤可知。苏辙五条，以政烦刑重、民无所措手足故不畏死，以民安于政、乐生畏死然后执诡异乱群者而杀，以司杀者天、天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀而非我杀，以非天所杀而吾自杀为代司杀，以代斲伤手、代杀及身。吴澄五条，以虽杀恶人而为恶者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死惧之无益，以奇为不正、愚民有畏死之心则执杀而人知畏，以有司杀者在、司杀者天、惟天能杀人、惟大匠能斲木，以代天杀人犹代匠斲木，以代斲手伤譬代杀身害、不有人祸必有天刑。憨山解二段，以天命可畏、报应昭然，民不畏死则杀之无益、适足以伤慈，以天道昭昭、必有以杀之、居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心，以人主代天行杀如代大匠斲、运斤成风而不伤锋犯手，有心之杀乃嗜杀、反取其殃而自伤其手。魏源本义一段、校记一条，以明太祖读「民不畏死，奈何以死惧之」而有感、罢极刑而囚役之，见仁人之言其利溥；校记谓「常有司杀者」以下六句河上、王弼、开元、陈象古诸本各不同，其本前四句从傅奕、末两句从《淮南子》，又记傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死惧之」作「如之何其以死惧之」、「吾得执而杀之」无「执」字、一本「得」作「岂」。河上公题「制惑第七十四」；成玄英题「人不畏死章第七十四」；吕惠卿题「民常不畏死章第七十四」；苏辙题「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陆希声本无章题；憨山次为七十四章而无章题；吴澄、魏源均以上章与此章合为其第六十一章。诸本异文：《玄德纂疏》所引经文、苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿作「民常不畏死」「若使人常畏死」；王弼道藏本「夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲」作「夫司杀者是大匠斲」；河上公、吴澄、憨山作「希有不伤手矣」。正文从王弼通行本，异文见校记。", "dataFile": "data/chapters/laozi-74.json", "relationsFile": "data/commentary-relations-laozi-74.json", "url": "/laozi/74/", "volumeId": "dejing", "volumeTitle": "德經", "volumeTitleSimp": "德经", "orderLabel": "第七十四" }, "edition": { "base": "王弼《老子注》", "baseEdition": "王弼《老子注》通行本（德經卷四）", "separation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、嚴遵《道德真經指歸》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》諸本對校；河上公此章據四部叢刊本、參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；王弼此章據道藏本而正文從通行本；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵、李榮此章據《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄據《道藏》本卷四；王夫之《老子衍》公開轉錄本止於第六十六章；俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列", "punctuation": "數字轉錄所附現代標點，本站僅作閱讀輔助，尚未逐字復核原刻", "digital": "中華典藏網、識典古籍、大道家園公開轉錄、Kanripo 漢籍全文資料庫（僅作文字底本）", "caution": "王弼道藏本此章正文作「民不畏死奈何以死懼之若使民常畏死而為奇者吾得執而殺之孰敢常有司殺者殺夫司殺者是大匠斲夫代大匠斲者希有不傷其手矣」，無「代司殺者殺，是謂」六字，本站從通行本作「夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲」。河上公題「制惑第七十四」；成玄英題「人不畏死章第七十四」；呂惠卿題「民常不畏死章第七十四」；蘇轍題「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陸希聲本無章題；憨山次為七十四章而無章題；吳澄、魏源均以上章與此章合為其第六十一章。諸本異文：《玄德纂疏》所引經文、蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿作「民常不畏死」「若使人常畏死」；河上公、吳澄作「常有司殺者」；河上公、吳澄、憨山作「希有不傷手矣」。正文從王弼通行本，異文見校記。", "baseSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "baseEditionSimp": "王弼《老子注》通行本（德经卷四）", "separationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、严遵《道德真经指归》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》诸本对校；河上公此章据四部丛刊本、参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；王弼此章据道藏本而正文从通行本；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵、李荣此章据《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；陆希声、吕惠卿、苏辙、吴澄据《道藏》本卷四；王夫之《老子衍》公开转录本止于第六十六章；俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列", "punctuationSimp": "数字转录所附现代标点，本站仅作阅读辅助，尚未逐字复核原刻", "digitalSimp": "中华典藏网、识典古籍、大道家园公开转录、Kanripo 汉籍全文资料库（仅作文字底本）", "cautionSimp": "王弼道藏本此章正文作「民不畏死奈何以死惧之若使民常畏死而为奇者吾得执而杀之孰敢常有司杀者杀夫司杀者是大匠斲夫代大匠斲者希有不伤其手矣」，无「代司杀者杀，是谓」六字，本站从通行本作「夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲」。河上公题「制惑第七十四」；成玄英题「人不畏死章第七十四」；吕惠卿题「民常不畏死章第七十四」；苏辙题「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陆希声本无章题；憨山次为七十四章而无章题；吴澄、魏源均以上章与此章合为其第六十一章。诸本异文：《玄德纂疏》所引经文、苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿作「民常不畏死」「若使人常畏死」；河上公、吴澄作「常有司杀者」；河上公、吴澄、憨山作「希有不伤手矣」。正文从王弼通行本，异文见校记。" }, "license": { "historical": "公有領域", "translation": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "code": "MIT" }, "stats": { "sentences": 5, "commentaries": 52, "charNotes": 10, "collations": 6 } }, "sources": [ { "id": "heshanggong", "name": "河上公章句", "short": "河上公", "author": "河上公", "work": "老子道德經章句", "era": "漢", "years": "傳漢文帝時", "color": "#a3542c", "desc": "分章句解，兼重治身與治國；此章題「制惑第七十四」，逐句為注七條：以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲傷神、貪財殺身故不知畏死；以人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，不當設刑法以死懼之；以當除己所殘剋、教民去利欲；以奇巧者應王法、執而殺之；以司殺者天居高臨下、司察人過；以天道至明、司殺有常，人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木而勞無功；以代天殺者失紀綱、還受其殃。此章據四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；注七條。", "count": 7, "nameSimp": "河上公章句", "workSimp": "老子道德经章句", "authorSimp": "河上公", "eraSimp": "汉", "yearsSimp": "传汉文帝时", "descSimp": "分章句解，兼重治身与治国；此章题「制惑第七十四」，逐句为注七条：以刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲伤神、贪财杀身故不知畏死；以人君当宽刑罚、教民去情欲，不当设刑法以死惧之；以当除己所残克、教民去利欲；以奇巧者应王法、执而杀之；以司杀者天居高临下、司察人过；以天道至明、司杀有常，人君代杀如拙夫代大匠斲木而劳无功；以代天杀者失纪纲、还受其殃。此章据四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；注七条。", "shortSimp": "河上公" }, { "id": "wangbi", "name": "王弼老子注", "short": "王弼", "author": "王弼", "work": "老子道德經注", "era": "魏", "years": "226–249", "color": "#4a5a7a", "desc": "以無為本、以崇本息末為宗；此章注二條：以詭異亂群釋「為奇者」之奇；以逆順者之所惡忿、不仁者人之所疾釋「常有司殺」。王弼此章注極簡，其餘諸句無注，不補造。此章據道藏本，正文從通行本；注二條。", "count": 2, "nameSimp": "王弼老子注", "workSimp": "老子道德经注", "authorSimp": "王弼", "eraSimp": "魏", "yearsSimp": "226–249", "descSimp": "以无为本、以崇本息末为宗；此章注二条：以诡异乱群释「为奇者」之奇；以逆顺者之所恶忿、不仁者人之所疾释「常有司杀」。王弼此章注极简，其余诸句无注，不补造。此章据道藏本，正文从通行本；注二条。", "shortSimp": "王弼" }, { "id": "chengxuanying", "name": "成玄英疏", "short": "成疏", "author": "成玄英", "work": "老子道德經義疏", "era": "唐", "years": "約 608–669", "color": "#6b7a4a", "desc": "以重玄雙遣為宗；此章《玄德纂疏》卷十九存章義與疏。章義分全章為四別：一明眾生障重不懼威刑，二明為罪既深必招苦報，三明此苦報自有冥司，四明強代冥司反獲其咎；引佩玉握樞、伊呂平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以證死生有命。疏以染滯深重、曾無恐懼釋民不畏死，以奇詐堅執、冥司捕獲、風刀考楚釋執殺，以三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存釋司殺，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反傷其手釋代斲。章義二則、疏五條。", "count": 7, "nameSimp": "成玄英疏", "workSimp": "老子道德经义疏", "authorSimp": "成玄英", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "约 608–669", "descSimp": "以重玄双遣为宗；此章《玄德纂疏》卷十九存章义与疏。章义分全章为四别：一明众生障重不惧威刑，二明为罪既深必招苦报，三明此苦报自有冥司，四明强代冥司反获其咎；引佩玉握枢、伊吕平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以证死生有命。疏以染滞深重、曾无恐惧释民不畏死，以奇诈坚执、冥司捕获、风刀考楚释执杀，以三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存释司杀，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反伤其手释代斲。章义二则、疏五条。", "shortSimp": "成疏" }, { "id": "tangxuanzong", "name": "唐玄宗御注御疏", "short": "御注", "author": "唐玄宗", "work": "道德真經注疏", "era": "唐", "years": "685–762", "color": "#9a4b3f", "desc": "御注簡質、御疏詳申，以理國修身並重；此章御注五條、御疏五條，分列。御注以縱情動死、習以為常釋不畏死，以清靜為化、不立刑法為教，以奇詐之人天網不失、司殺自殺釋司殺，以人君好自執殺、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲釋代殺，以傷材自傷、殘害百姓、自喪天和釋傷手。御疏以不能守道清靜、放縱情欲、積習生常申之，以化以無為、人皆少欲、獨有奇詐者當執殺申之，以司主也、天鑒孔明、不得其死申司殺，以代司殺者殺、不得天理申代斲，以大匠動合方圓、拙夫必失繩墨、害人喪天和申傷手。此章據《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引。", "count": 10, "nameSimp": "唐玄宗御注御疏", "workSimp": "道德真经注疏", "authorSimp": "唐玄宗", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "685–762", "descSimp": "御注简质、御疏详申，以理国修身并重；此章御注五条、御疏五条，分列。御注以纵情动死、习以为常释不畏死，以清静为化、不立刑法为教，以奇诈之人天网不失、司杀自杀释司杀，以人君好自执杀、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲释代杀，以伤材自伤、残害百姓、自丧天和释伤手。御疏以不能守道清静、放纵情欲、积习生常申之，以化以无为、人皆少欲、独有奇诈者当执杀申之，以司主也、天鉴孔明、不得其死申司杀，以代司杀者杀、不得天理申代斲，以大匠动合方圆、拙夫必失绳墨、害人丧天和申伤手。此章据《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引。", "shortSimp": "御注" }, { "id": "yanzun", "name": "嚴遵指歸", "short": "嚴指歸", "author": "嚴遵", "work": "道德真經指歸", "era": "漢", "years": "約前 83–10", "color": "#7a5c3e", "desc": "以自然無為、道德性命為宗；此章《玄德纂疏》卷十九存「嚴曰」四則：以人之情性得意安寧、失意圖非、窮困輕死、安寧愛身釋民不畏死；以司殺者大臣、帝王無事無為、前後左右各有所任釋司殺；以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡釋代殺；以工人拱手則大廈不成、人君專殺則天下失理釋傷手。輯文四條。", "count": 4, "nameSimp": "严遵指归", "workSimp": "道德真经指归", "authorSimp": "严遵", "eraSimp": "汉", "yearsSimp": "约前 83–10", "descSimp": "以自然无为、道德性命为宗；此章《玄德纂疏》卷十九存「严曰」四则：以人之情性得意安宁、失意图非、穷困轻死、安宁爱身释民不畏死；以司杀者大臣、帝王无事无为、前后左右各有所任释司杀；以代司杀者人君、百官失理、政事亡释代杀；以工人拱手则大厦不成、人君专杀则天下失理释伤手。辑文四条。", "shortSimp": "严指归" }, { "id": "lirong", "name": "李榮注", "short": "李榮", "author": "李榮", "work": "道德真經注", "era": "唐", "years": "約 600–680", "color": "#5f6f8a", "desc": "以道本德用、修身治國並說為宗；此章六注：以時逢有道、物皆愛生、人咸惜死，酷罰使人不畏死；以人不畏死本由酷罰、宜用在宥、用德忘刑；以奇者詭異亂群、強梁亂群之人應執殺；以賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代釋司殺；以天道玄鑒、賞善罰惡著在冥司、時政代以人功失道釋代斲；以頑人少能從化、奸黠多有難防、司刑有職、主殺有官、擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。此章據《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引。", "count": 6, "nameSimp": "李荣注", "workSimp": "道德真经注", "authorSimp": "李荣", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "约 600–680", "descSimp": "以道本德用、修身治国并说为宗；此章六注：以时逢有道、物皆爱生、人咸惜死，酷罚使人不畏死；以人不畏死本由酷罚、宜用在宥、用德忘刑；以奇者诡异乱群、强梁乱群之人应执杀；以赏罚有主、生杀之官不可擅代释司杀；以天道玄鉴、赏善罚恶着在冥司、时政代以人功失道释代斲；以顽人少能从化、奸黠多有难防、司刑有职、主杀有官、擅杀者如拙夫代巧匠而伤手。此章据《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引。", "shortSimp": "李荣" }, { "id": "luxisheng", "name": "陸希聲傳", "short": "陸傳", "author": "陸希聲", "work": "道德經傳", "era": "唐", "years": "？–895", "color": "#8a6f3a", "desc": "以體用、本末說經，長於政教；此章傳一段：民為利欲所陷、雖之於死而猶不止，嚴刑酷法不可以威眾；當付有罪於至當，聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者；引《書》「天討有罪，五刑五用」、刑期無刑、惟刑之恤，以世主任情專殺為代大匠斲樸，以不善斲而代人必齾斤析指、功用不就；末引管仲「無代馬走，無代鳥飛」。傳一段。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "陆希声传", "workSimp": "道德经传", "authorSimp": "陆希声", "eraSimp": "唐", "yearsSimp": "？–895", "descSimp": "以体用、本末说经，长于政教；此章传一段：民为利欲所陷、虽之于死而犹不止，严刑酷法不可以威众；当付有罪于至当，圣人法天明威以制五刑，主至当之刑谓之司杀者；引《书》「天讨有罪，五刑五用」、刑期无刑、惟刑之恤，以世主任情专杀为代大匠斲朴，以不善斲而代人必𫜰斤析指、功用不就；末引管仲「无代马走，无代鸟飞」。传一段。", "shortSimp": "陆传" }, { "id": "lvhuiqing", "name": "呂惠卿傳", "short": "呂傳", "author": "呂惠卿", "work": "道德真經傳", "era": "宋", "years": "1032–1111", "color": "#6a7d5a", "desc": "以道體無知、守母為本；此章傳一段：民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死；若民常畏死，執奇者而殺之則孰敢不畏；然執之不勝、殺之不止，則知民不畏死而不可以死懼；以道治天下者唯常有司殺者殺而勿代；司殺者即天，天網恢恢、疏而不失、天討有罪、五刑五用；刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討，即為代司殺者殺，其傷可知。傳一段。", "count": 1, "nameSimp": "吕惠卿传", "workSimp": "道德真经传", "authorSimp": "吕惠卿", "eraSimp": "宋", "yearsSimp": "1032–1111", "descSimp": "以道体无知、守母为本；此章传一段：民固常不畏死，唯无狭其所居、无厌其所生则可使畏威重死；若民常畏死，执奇者而杀之则孰敢不畏；然执之不胜、杀之不止，则知民不畏死而不可以死惧；以道治天下者唯常有司杀者杀而勿代；司杀者即天，天网恢恢、疏而不失、天讨有罪、五刑五用；刑戮出于好恶而不用于天讨，即为代司杀者杀，其伤可知。传一段。", "shortSimp": "吕传" }, { "id": "suzhe", "name": "蘇轍老子解", "short": "蘇解", "author": "蘇轍", "work": "老子解", "era": "宋", "years": "1039–1112", "color": "#5d7080", "desc": "以體道無知、無所施設為宗；此章五條：政煩刑重、民無所措手足則常不畏死，雖以死懼之無益；民安於政、樂生畏死，然後執詭異亂群者而殺之則孰敢不服；司殺者天，天之所棄而吾殺之則是天殺而非我殺；非天所殺而吾自殺，是代司殺者殺；代大匠斲則傷其手，代司殺者殺則及其身。解五條。", "count": 5, "nameSimp": "苏辙老子解", "workSimp": "老子解", "authorSimp": "苏辙", "eraSimp": "宋", "yearsSimp": "1039–1112", "descSimp": "以体道无知、无所施设为宗；此章五条：政烦刑重、民无所措手足则常不畏死，虽以死惧之无益；民安于政、乐生畏死，然后执诡异乱群者而杀之则孰敢不服；司杀者天，天之所弃而吾杀之则是天杀而非我杀；非天所杀而吾自杀，是代司杀者杀；代大匠斲则伤其手，代司杀者杀则及其身。解五条。", "shortSimp": "苏解" }, { "id": "wucheng", "name": "吳澄道德真經注", "short": "吳注", "author": "吳澄", "work": "道德真經注", "era": "元", "years": "1249–1333", "color": "#7b5f7a", "desc": "以理氣、斂退說經，兼重字義訓詁；此章與上章合為其第六十一章，本章當其第四、五節。注五條：以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死懼之無益；以奇為不正、愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏；以有司殺者在、司殺者天、惟天能殺人、惟大匠能斲木；以代天殺人猶代匠斲木；以代斲手傷譬代殺身害、不有人禍必有天刑。其合章之旨，則以民不可懼而不輕殺。注五條。", "count": 5, "nameSimp": "吴澄道德真经注", "workSimp": "道德真经注", "authorSimp": "吴澄", "eraSimp": "元", "yearsSimp": "1249–1333", "descSimp": "以理气、敛退说经，兼重字义训诂；此章与上章合为其第六十一章，本章当其第四、五节。注五条：以虽杀恶人而为恶者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死惧之无益；以奇为不正、愚民有畏死之心则执杀而人知畏；以有司杀者在、司杀者天、惟天能杀人、惟大匠能斲木；以代天杀人犹代匠斲木；以代斲手伤譬代杀身害、不有人祸必有天刑。其合章之旨，则以民不可惧而不轻杀。注五条。", "shortSimp": "吴注" }, { "id": "hanshan", "name": "憨山道德經解", "short": "憨山", "author": "釋德清", "work": "道德經解", "era": "明", "years": "1546–1623", "color": "#8a5f4a", "desc": "以真修、復性為本，兼重教化；此章解二段：天命可畏、報應昭然，民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈；天道昭昭、必有以殺之，居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心，人主代天行殺如代大匠斲、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手，有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。解二段。", "count": 2, "nameSimp": "憨山道德经解", "workSimp": "道德经解", "authorSimp": "释德清", "eraSimp": "明", "yearsSimp": "1546–1623", "descSimp": "以真修、复性为本，兼重教化；此章解二段：天命可畏、报应昭然，民不畏死则杀之无益、适足以伤慈；天道昭昭、必有以杀之，居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心，人主代天行杀如代大匠斲、运斤成风而不伤锋犯手，有心之杀乃嗜杀、反取其殃而自伤其手。解二段。", "shortSimp": "憨山" }, { "id": "weiyuan", "name": "魏源老子本義", "short": "魏源", "author": "魏源", "work": "老子本義", "era": "清", "years": "1794–1857", "color": "#5a6a5a", "desc": "以不盈務內為宗，博引諸家而斷以源案；此章與上章合為其第六十一章。本義一段：明太祖讀「民不畏死，奈何以死懼之」而有感，罷極刑而囚役之，不逾年而心減，見仁人之言其利溥。校記一條：謂「常有司殺者」以下六句河上、王弼、開元、陳象古諸本各不同，其本前四句從傅奕、末兩句從《淮南子》，並記傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死懼之」作「如之何其以死懼之」、「吾得執而殺之」無「執」字、一本「得」作「豈」。本義一段、校記一條。", "count": 2, "nameSimp": "魏源老子本义", "workSimp": "老子本义", "authorSimp": "魏源", "eraSimp": "清", "yearsSimp": "1794–1857", "descSimp": "以不盈务内为宗，博引诸家而断以源案；此章与上章合为其第六十一章。本义一段：明太祖读「民不畏死，奈何以死惧之」而有感，罢极刑而囚役之，不逾年而心减，见仁人之言其利溥。校记一条：谓「常有司杀者」以下六句河上、王弼、开元、陈象古诸本各不同，其本前四句从傅奕、末两句从《淮南子》，并记傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死惧之」作「如之何其以死惧之」、「吾得执而杀之」无「执」字、一本「得」作「岂」。本义一段、校记一条。", "shortSimp": "魏源" }, { "id": "translator", "name": "本站今譯", "short": "今譯", "author": "LibreBook 編者", "work": "今譯", "era": "當代", "years": "", "color": "#8a8a8a", "desc": "編者據舊注與上下文所作語體今譯，供閱讀參照。", "count": 5, "nameSimp": "本站今译", "workSimp": "今译", "authorSimp": "LibreBook 编者", "eraSimp": "当代", "yearsSimp": "", "descSimp": "编者据旧注与上下文所作语体今译，供阅读参照。", "shortSimp": "今译" } ], "sentences": [ { "id": "s001", "paragraph": 1, "text": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之？", "textSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之？", "translation": "人民已不畏惧死亡，为什么还要用死亡来恐吓他们？", "translationTrad": "人民已不畏懼死亡，為什麼還要用死亡來恐嚇他們？", "noteIds": [ "c001", "c002", "c010", "c011", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c027", "c031", "c032", "c037", "c038", "c039", "c044", "c049", "c051" ], "noteCount": 16, "charNoteIds": [ "n001", "n002", "n003" ], "key": "laozi-74:s001", "n": 1 }, { "id": "s002", "paragraph": 1, "text": "若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢？", "textSimp": "若使民常畏死，而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢？", "translation": "如果能使人民常常畏惧死亡，对那些为非作歹的人，我抓来杀掉，谁还敢胡作非为？", "translationTrad": "如果能使人民常常畏懼死亡，對那些為非作歹的人，我抓來殺掉，誰還敢胡作非為？", "noteIds": [ "c003", "c004", "c008", "c010", "c011", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "noteCount": 15, "charNoteIds": [ "n004", "n005", "n006" ], "key": "laozi-74:s002", "n": 2 }, { "id": "s003", "paragraph": 1, "text": "常有司殺者殺。", "textSimp": "常有司杀者杀。", "translation": "天下常有掌管杀伐的天道在主宰。", "translationTrad": "天下常有掌管殺伐的天道在主宰。", "noteIds": [ "c005", "c009", "c010", "c011", "c014", "c019", "c024", "c028", "c034", "c037", "c038", "c041", "c046", "c050", "c052" ], "noteCount": 15, "charNoteIds": [ "n007" ], "key": "laozi-74:s003", "n": 3 }, { "id": "s004", "paragraph": 1, "text": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲。", "textSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲。", "translation": "代替司杀者去杀人，就好比代替高明的木匠去砍削木头。", "translationTrad": "代替司殺者去殺人，就好比代替高明的木匠去砍削木頭。", "noteIds": [ "c006", "c010", "c011", "c015", "c020", "c025", "c029", "c035", "c037", "c038", "c042", "c047", "c050", "c052" ], "noteCount": 14, "charNoteIds": [ "n008" ], "key": "laozi-74:s004", "n": 4 }, { "id": "s005", "paragraph": 1, "text": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣。", "textSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣。", "translation": "代替高明的木匠砍削木头的人，很少有不砍伤自己手的。", "translationTrad": "代替高明的木匠砍削木頭的人，很少有不砍傷自己手的。", "noteIds": [ "c007", "c010", "c011", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ], "noteCount": 14, "charNoteIds": [ "n009", "n010" ], "key": "laozi-74:s005", "n": 5 } ], "commentaries": [ { "id": "c001", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死", "kind": "note", "text": "治國者刑罰酷深，民不聊生，故不畏死也。治身者嗜欲傷神，貪財殺身，民不知畏之也。", "authorNote": "此注兼治國、治身兩義。", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "治国者刑罚酷深，民不聊生，故不畏死也。治身者嗜欲伤神，贪财杀身，民不知畏之也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）（此注兼治國、治身兩義。）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "此注兼治国、治身两义。", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死" }, { "id": "c002", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "人君不寬刑罰，教民去情欲，奈何設刑法以死懼之也？", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "人君不宽刑罚，教民去情欲，奈何设刑法以死惧之也？", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c003", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "若使民常畏死", "kind": "note", "text": "當除己之所殘剋，教民去利欲也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "当除己之所残克，教民去利欲也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "若使民常畏死" }, { "id": "c004", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "以道教化而民不從，反為奇巧，乃應王法，執而殺之，誰敢有犯者？老子傷時王不先道德化之而先刑罰。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "以道教化而民不从，反为奇巧，乃应王法，执而杀之，谁敢有犯者？老子伤时王不先道德化之而先刑罚。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢" }, { "id": "c005", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者", "kind": "note", "text": "司殺者天，居高臨下，司察人過，天網恢恢，疏而不失也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "司杀者天，居高临下，司察人过，天网恢恢，疏而不失也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者" }, { "id": "c006", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者，是謂代大匠斵", "kind": "note", "text": "天道至明，司殺者常，猶春生夏長，秋成冬藏，斗杓運移，以節度行之。人君欲代殺之，是猶拙夫代大匠斵木，勞而無功也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "天道至明，司杀者常，犹春生夏长，秋成冬藏，斗杓运移，以节度行之。人君欲代杀之，是犹拙夫代大匠斵木，劳而无功也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者，是谓代大匠斵" }, { "id": "c007", "block": 0, "source": "heshanggong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斵者，希有不傷手者矣", "kind": "note", "text": "人君行刑罰，猶拙人代大匠斵，則方圓不得其理，還自傷；代天殺者失紀綱，不得其紀綱，還受其殃也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "人君行刑罚，犹拙人代大匠斵，则方圆不得其理，还自伤；代天杀者失纪纲，不得其纪纲，还受其殃也。", "citationFull": "河上公《老子道德經章句》（四部叢刊本，參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》（四部丛刊本，参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斵者，希有不伤手者矣" }, { "id": "c008", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "而為奇者", "kind": "note", "text": "詭異亂群謂之奇也。", "authorNote": "王弼此章注極簡，此條釋「奇」。", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（道藏本）", "textSimp": "诡异乱群谓之奇也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（道藏本）（王弼此章注極簡，此條釋「奇」。）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（道藏本）", "authorNoteSimp": "王弼此章注极简，此条释「奇」。", "lemmaSimp": "而为奇者" }, { "id": "c009", "block": 0, "source": "wangbi", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "為逆順者之所惡忿也，不仁者人之所疾也，故曰常有司殺也。", "authorNote": "王弼此條釋「司殺」，其餘諸句無注。", "citation": "王弼《老子道德經注》（道藏本）", "textSimp": "为逆顺者之所恶忿也，不仁者人之所疾也，故曰常有司杀也。", "citationFull": "王弼《老子道德經注》（道藏本）（王弼此條釋「司殺」，其餘諸句無注。）", "citationSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》（道藏本）", "authorNoteSimp": "王弼此条释「司杀」，其余诸句无注。", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c010", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "章義", "kind": "note", "text": "就此一章，義開四別：第一明眾生障重不懼威刑，第二明為罪既深必招苦報，第三明此苦報自有冥司，第四明強代冥司反獲其咎。", "authorNote": "成玄英章義第一則，總分章旨。", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "就此一章，义开四别：第一明众生障重不惧威刑，第二明为罪既深必招苦报，第三明此苦报自有冥司，第四明强代冥司反获其咎。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）（成玄英章義第一則，總分章旨。）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "成玄英章义第一则，总分章旨。", "lemmaSimp": "章义" }, { "id": "c011", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "章義引證", "kind": "note", "text": "夫天道正名司刑自然，奈何君主以死懼人？但佩玉康而臨時，握金樞而御極，伊呂作相，平勃為謀，鼎業克昌，爰俟太平之主，神功獨配，方稱揖讓之君，然後鼓腹于庭，擊壤于野，不知帝力，豈荷王恩？五月披裘，不羨輕肥之客；一尺少布，唯存正直之人。則知百年大期，並計于命，生則金珠異宅，羊祜自知；死則石碑生金，郭璞先識。故傳曰：死生有命，誠為信哉。今明妄謬行刑以代司殺，理既不泯，冥何合焉？如代匠之規，必致傷手之禍矣。", "authorNote": "成玄英章義第二則，引事證死生有命、代殺必傷。", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "夫天道正名司刑自然，奈何君主以死惧人？但佩玉康而临时，握金枢而御极，伊吕作相，平勃为谋，鼎业克昌，爰俟太平之主，神功独配，方称揖让之君，然后鼓腹于庭，击壤于野，不知帝力，岂荷王恩？五月披裘，不羡轻肥之客；一尺少布，唯存正直之人。则知百年大期，并计于命，生则金珠异宅，羊祜自知；死则石碑生金，郭璞先识。故传曰：死生有命，诚为信哉。今明妄谬行刑以代司杀，理既不泯，冥何合焉？如代匠之规，必致伤手之祸矣。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）（成玄英章義第二則，引事證死生有命、代殺必傷。）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "成玄英章义第二则，引事证死生有命、代杀必伤。", "lemmaSimp": "章义引证" }, { "id": "c012", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "此斥凡情迷惑，染滯深重，貪逐前境，不憚死生，雖復經戒嚴明，曾無恐懼，故發奈何之嘆，深長痛之。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "此斥凡情迷惑，染滞深重，贪逐前境，不惮死生，虽复经戒严明，曾无恐惧，故发奈何之叹，深长痛之。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c013", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "若使民常畏死……孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "貪欲之心日生，奇詐堅執顛倒，遂以為常者，冥司捕獲，執而殺之，風刀考楚。經文明證，若有性識之夫，誰復敢造罪耶？", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "贪欲之心日生，奇诈坚执颠倒，遂以为常者，冥司捕获，执而杀之，风刀考楚。经文明证，若有性识之夫，谁复敢造罪耶？", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "若使民常畏死……孰敢" }, { "id": "c014", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "此之刑網自有宰牧，即三官九署、百二十曹，及北都羅酆泉曲之府，八難五苦，各有司存。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "此之刑网自有宰牧，即三官九署、百二十曹，及北都罗酆泉曲之府，八难五苦，各有司存。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c015", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲", "kind": "note", "text": "眾生造業，各招其報，刑辟苦楚，自有冥司。無識之人，師心專輒，強代冥司而行誅戮者，何異庸拙之士代匠運斲？", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "众生造业，各招其报，刑辟苦楚，自有冥司。无识之人，师心专辄，强代冥司而行诛戮者，何异庸拙之士代匠运斲？", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲" }, { "id": "c016", "block": 0, "source": "chengxuanying", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "夫拙士運斲，斲非其任，豈唯所作不成，抑乃反傷其手；強代司殺，其義亦然，非徒濫職，翻獲其釁。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "夫拙士运斲，斲非其任，岂唯所作不成，抑乃反伤其手；强代司杀，其义亦然，非徒滥职，翻获其衅。", "citationFull": "成玄英《老子道德經義疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "成玄英《老子道德经义疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c017", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "縱放情欲，動之死地，習以為常，嘗無畏者。人君當以清靜化之，奈何更立刑法以誅殺恐懼之乎？", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "纵放情欲，动之死地，习以为常，尝无畏者。人君当以清静化之，奈何更立刑法以诛杀恐惧之乎？", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c018", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "若使民常畏死……孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "若使代人皆從清淨之化，不敢溺情縱欲，常畏於死，而獨奇詐者，假令吾勢得執殺此奇詐之人，孰敢即殺爾？", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "若使代人皆从清净之化，不敢溺情纵欲，常畏于死，而独奇诈者，假令吾势得执杀此奇诈之人，孰敢即杀尔？", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "若使民常畏死……孰敢" }, { "id": "c019", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "如此奇詐之人，天網不失，是常有天之司殺者殺之。言不善之人司殺自殺，人君用勢得執殺而便殺之，是代司殺。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "如此奇诈之人，天网不失，是常有天之司杀者杀之。言不善之人司杀自杀，人君用势得执杀而便杀之，是代司杀。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c020", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲", "kind": "note", "text": "人君好自執殺，必不得天理，是猶拙夫代大匠斲木。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "人君好自执杀，必不得天理，是犹拙夫代大匠斲木。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲" }, { "id": "c021", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "拙夫代斲，豈但傷材，亦自傷其手；人君任刑代彼司殺，豈唯殘害百姓，抑亦自喪天和。", "authorNote": "此為御注。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "拙夫代斲，岂但伤材，亦自伤其手；人君任刑代彼司杀，岂唯残害百姓，抑亦自丧天和。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御注。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御注。", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c022", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "言人不能守道清靜，而放縱情欲，動之死地，積習生常，曾無畏者。人君當以清靜為化而教導之，奈何行刑法誅殺而恐懼之乎？", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "言人不能守道清静，而放纵情欲，动之死地，积习生常，曾无畏者。人君当以清静为化而教导之，奈何行刑法诛杀而恐惧之乎？", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c023", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "若使民常畏死……孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "此明人君化以無為，人皆少欲，各全其生，常畏於死；而獨有為於奇詐不善之行者，適令吾勢得執而殺之，亦誰敢即殺？所以不殺者，為自有天網司殺之也，故下文云。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "此明人君化以无为，人皆少欲，各全其生，常畏于死；而独有为于奇诈不善之行者，适令吾势得执而杀之，亦谁敢即杀？所以不杀者，为自有天网司杀之也，故下文云。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "若使民常畏死……孰敢" }, { "id": "c024", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "司，主也。天鑒孔明，無所不察，奇詐之人不得其死，是有天之司殺者殺之矣。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "司，主也。天鉴孔明，无所不察，奇诈之人不得其死，是有天之司杀者杀之矣。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c025", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲", "kind": "note", "text": "言不善之人司殺自殺，人君用勢得執殺而便殺之，是代司殺者殺；人不得天理，猶如拙夫代大匠斲木矣。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "言不善之人司杀自杀，人君用势得执杀而便杀之，是代司杀者杀；人不得天理，犹如拙夫代大匠斲木矣。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲" }, { "id": "c026", "block": 0, "source": "tangxuanzong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "大匠斲木，動合方圓；拙夫代之，必失繩墨，惡得不損於材而傷其手乎？天網不失，神理昭明，人君任刑代彼司殺，惡得不害於人而喪其天和乎？奈何以死懼之，斯之謂也。", "authorNote": "此為御疏。", "citation": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "textSimp": "大匠斲木，动合方圆；拙夫代之，必失绳墨，恶得不损于材而伤其手乎？天网不失，神理昭明，人君任刑代彼司杀，恶得不害于人而丧其天和乎？奈何以死惧之，斯之谓也。", "citationFull": "唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）（此為御疏。）", "citationSimp": "唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引御注御疏）", "authorNoteSimp": "此为御疏。", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c027", "block": 0, "source": "yanzun", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "人之情性，得意而安寧，失意則圖非；窮困而輕死，安寧而愛身。民心不得，性命不全，則號令不動也。窮溪之獸，不避兕虎，其性非易，事理然也。", "authorNote": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。", "citation": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "人之情性，得意而安宁，失意则图非；穷困而轻死，安宁而爱身。民心不得，性命不全，则号令不动也。穷溪之兽，不避兕虎，其性非易，事理然也。", "citationFull": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）（《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。）", "citationSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「严曰」辑文。", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c028", "block": 0, "source": "yanzun", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "司殺者，大臣也。帝王之道，無事無為，前後左右各有所任；作禍者身死，竊威者宗亡，百官趨職，主無與焉也。", "authorNote": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。", "citation": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "司杀者，大臣也。帝王之道，无事无为，前后左右各有所任；作祸者身死，窃威者宗亡，百官趋职，主无与焉也。", "citationFull": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）（《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。）", "citationSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「严曰」辑文。", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c029", "block": 0, "source": "yanzun", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲", "kind": "note", "text": "代司殺者，人君也。百官失理，政事亡也；人主自斲，工人拱手；人君自殺，百官失宜。", "authorNote": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。", "citation": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "代司杀者，人君也。百官失理，政事亡也；人主自斲，工人拱手；人君自杀，百官失宜。", "citationFull": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）（《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。）", "citationSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「严曰」辑文。", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲" }, { "id": "c030", "block": 0, "source": "yanzun", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "工人拱手，則大廈不成；人君專殺，則天下失理。大廈不成，則無以庇子孫；天下失治，則無以安社稷也。", "authorNote": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。", "citation": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "工人拱手，则大厦不成；人君专杀，则天下失理。大厦不成，则无以庇子孙；天下失治，则无以安社稷也。", "citationFull": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）（《玄德纂疏》卷十九「嚴曰」輯文。）", "citationSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "authorNoteSimp": "《玄德纂疏》卷十九「严曰」辑文。", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c031", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死", "kind": "note", "text": "時逢有道，物皆愛生；代屬無為，人咸惜死。若不能綏之以至德，而制之以嚴刑，人不聊生，故言人不畏死。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "时逢有道，物皆爱生；代属无为，人咸惜死。若不能绥之以至德，而制之以严刑，人不聊生，故言人不畏死。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死" }, { "id": "c032", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "人不畏死，本由酷罰，宜須在宥，用德忘刑；如何還以酷法理人，欲人懼之於死？此嘆當時之失也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "人不畏死，本由酷罚，宜须在宥，用德忘刑；如何还以酷法理人，欲人惧之于死？此叹当时之失也。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c033", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "若使民常畏死……孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "奇者，詭異亂群也。若時王用道，人盡全生，名為畏死也；其有強梁之者、亂群之人，為於罪業，彌更奇異，天不長惡，故得執殺之。懼死自無，為過之人修生，孰敢為非之者也？", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "奇者，诡异乱群也。若时王用道，人尽全生，名为畏死也；其有强梁之者、乱群之人，为于罪业，弥更奇异，天不长恶，故得执杀之。惧死自无，为过之人修生，孰敢为非之者也？", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "若使民常畏死……孰敢" }, { "id": "c034", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "司，主也。賞罰之理是常，生殺之官有主，不可以為非犯法者合死，而欲擅代殺之。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "司，主也。赏罚之理是常，生杀之官有主，不可以为非犯法者合死，而欲擅代杀之。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c035", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲", "kind": "note", "text": "夫代司殺者，是代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲，希不傷其手。天道雖遠，玄鑒孔明，賞善罰惡，著在於冥司；春生夏長，彰之於見代。時政不能任之以天理，而代之以人功，亦失之於道也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "夫代司杀者，是代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲，希不伤其手。天道虽远，玄鉴孔明，赏善罚恶，着在于冥司；春生夏长，彰之于见代。时政不能任之以天理，而代之以人功，亦失之于道也。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲" }, { "id": "c036", "block": 0, "source": "lirong", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "然則頑人少能從化，奸黠多有難防，隨時定宜，制之法则，自有司刑之職、主殺之官；若推之不以其主，司殺之不由其主而擅殺者，猶拙夫之代巧匠，必有傷手之憂，少有不傷，所傷多矣。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "textSimp": "然则顽人少能从化，奸黠多有难防，随时定宜，制之法则，自有司刑之职、主杀之官；若推之不以其主，司杀之不由其主而擅杀者，犹拙夫之代巧匠，必有伤手之忧，少有不伤，所伤多矣。", "citationFull": "李榮《道德真經注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "citationSimp": "李荣《道德真经注》（《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c037", "block": 0, "source": "luxisheng", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "民不畏死……希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "天下之民常為利欲所陷，雖之於死而猶不止，如之何當世之君作為嚴刑酷法，趨欲以死懼之哉？若使民常懼死，吾得奇邪者殺戮之，則人當誰敢更為奇者？今雖得殺之而為者不已，則知民不畏死亦已明矣。然則作為嚴刑酷法既不可以威眾，則天下有罪者宜付之於至當，故聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑，謂之司殺者。《書》曰：天討有罪，五刑五用哉。故刑期無刑，惟刑之恤。若世主不使司殺者以至當之理議讞罪人，而苟任其情自專殺戮，是猶代大匠斲樸矣。夫不善於斲而苟以代人，則必齾斤析指而功用不就，則所謂希有不傷其手者矣。故管仲曰：人君修官上之道而不言其中，故人君下及官中之事，則有司不任，無代馬走，無代鳥飛，此之謂也。", "authorNote": "陸希聲傳一段通釋全章。", "citation": "陸希聲《道德經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "天下之民常为利欲所陷，虽之于死而犹不止，如之何当世之君作为严刑酷法，趋欲以死惧之哉？若使民常惧死，吾得奇邪者杀戮之，则人当谁敢更为奇者？今虽得杀之而为者不已，则知民不畏死亦已明矣。然则作为严刑酷法既不可以威众，则天下有罪者宜付之于至当，故圣人法天明威以制五刑，主至当之刑，谓之司杀者。《书》曰：天讨有罪，五刑五用哉。故刑期无刑，惟刑之恤。若世主不使司杀者以至当之理议谳罪人，而苟任其情自专杀戮，是犹代大匠斲朴矣。夫不善于斲而苟以代人，则必𫜰斤析指而功用不就，则所谓希有不伤其手者矣。故管仲曰：人君修官上之道而不言其中，故人君下及官中之事，则有司不任，无代马走，无代鸟飞，此之谓也。", "citationFull": "陸希聲《道德經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）（陸希聲傳一段通釋全章。）", "citationSimp": "陆希声《道德经传》（《道藏》本卷四）", "authorNoteSimp": "陆希声传一段通释全章。", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死……希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c038", "block": 0, "source": "lvhuiqing", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "民常不畏死……希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "民之為道，固常不畏死者也。唯無狹其所居，無厭其所生，則可以使之畏威而重死矣。奈何以死而懼之，而欲其畏死乎？何以知其然也？若使民常畏死，而為奇者吾得執而殺之，則孰敢不畏死而為奇乎？然而執之而不勝、殺之而不止者，則民之不畏死而不可以死懼之明矣。然則以道治天下者宜如何哉？常有司殺者殺，勿代之而已矣。何謂常有司殺者殺？天網恢恢，疏而不失，天討有罪，五刑五用，則司殺者天之謂也。刑戮有出於好惡而不用於天討，則是代司殺者殺也。代司殺者殺，是代大匠斲；代大匠斲，希有不傷其手者矣，則代司殺者殺，其傷可知也。", "authorNote": "呂惠卿傳一段通釋全章。", "citation": "呂惠卿《道德真經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "民之为道，固常不畏死者也。唯无狭其所居，无厌其所生，则可以使之畏威而重死矣。奈何以死而惧之，而欲其畏死乎？何以知其然也？若使民常畏死，而为奇者吾得执而杀之，则孰敢不畏死而为奇乎？然而执之而不胜、杀之而不止者，则民之不畏死而不可以死惧之明矣。然则以道治天下者宜如何哉？常有司杀者杀，勿代之而已矣。何谓常有司杀者杀？天网恢恢，疏而不失，天讨有罪，五刑五用，则司杀者天之谓也。刑戮有出于好恶而不用于天讨，则是代司杀者杀也。代司杀者杀，是代大匠斲；代大匠斲，希有不伤其手者矣，则代司杀者杀，其伤可知也。", "citationFull": "呂惠卿《道德真經傳》（《道藏》本卷四）（呂惠卿傳一段通釋全章。）", "citationSimp": "吕惠卿《道德真经传》（《道藏》本卷四）", "authorNoteSimp": "吕惠卿传一段通释全章。", "lemmaSimp": "民常不畏死……希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c039", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "政煩刑重，民無所措手足，則常不畏死，雖以死懼之無益也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "政烦刑重，民无所措手足，则常不畏死，虽以死惧之无益也。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c040", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "若使民常畏死……孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "民安於政，故樂生畏死，然後執其詭異亂群者而殺之，孰敢不服哉？", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "民安于政，故乐生畏死，然后执其诡异乱群者而杀之，孰敢不服哉？", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "若使民常畏死……孰敢" }, { "id": "c041", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "司殺者天也。方世之治，而有詭異亂群之人恣行於其間，則天之所棄也；天之所棄而吾殺之，則是天殺之而非我也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "司杀者天也。方世之治，而有诡异乱群之人恣行于其间，则天之所弃也；天之所弃而吾杀之，则是天杀之而非我也。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c042", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲", "kind": "note", "text": "非天之所殺而吾自殺之，是代司殺者殺也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "非天之所杀而吾自杀之，是代司杀者杀也。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲" }, { "id": "c043", "block": 0, "source": "suzhe", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "代大匠斲則傷其手矣，代司殺者殺則及其身矣。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "代大匠斲则伤其手矣，代司杀者杀则及其身矣。", "citationFull": "蘇轍《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "苏辙《老子解》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c044", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s001" }, "lemma": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "kind": "note", "text": "然雖殺惡人而人之敢為惡者不止，則是民愚不知畏死，雖為惡者必遭刑殺，彼亦無所懼，上之人奈何以死懼之而輕易殺人乎？", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "然虽杀恶人而人之敢为恶者不止，则是民愚不知畏死，虽为恶者必遭刑杀，彼亦无所惧，上之人奈何以死惧之而轻易杀人乎？", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之" }, { "id": "c045", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s002", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "奇，不正也。使愚民常有畏死之心，而奇邪為惡者吾得執而殺之，則人人知畏，孰敢為惡？", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "奇，不正也。使愚民常有畏死之心，而奇邪为恶者吾得执而杀之，则人人知畏，孰敢为恶？", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢" }, { "id": "c046", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s003" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺", "kind": "note", "text": "不以死懼其人為惡者，可不殺乎？曰：有司殺者在，司殺者天也，惟天為能殺人，惟大匠為能斲木。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "不以死惧其人为恶者，可不杀乎？曰：有司杀者在，司杀者天也，惟天为能杀人，惟大匠为能斲木。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀" }, { "id": "c047", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s004", "end": "s004" }, "lemma": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲", "kind": "note", "text": "人欲代天殺人，猶代匠斲木也。", "authorNote": "", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "人欲代天杀人，犹代匠斲木也。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "lemmaSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲" }, { "id": "c048", "block": 0, "source": "wucheng", "target": { "start": "s005", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "代斲者手必多傷，以譬代殺者身必多害也。蓋不有人禍，必有天刑。", "authorNote": "吳澄此章與上章合為其第六十一章，此為其第四、五節。", "citation": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "textSimp": "代斲者手必多伤，以譬代杀者身必多害也。盖不有人祸，必有天刑。", "citationFull": "吳澄《道德真經注》（《道藏》本卷四）（吳澄此章與上章合為其第六十一章，此為其第四、五節。）", "citationSimp": "吴澄《道德真经注》（《道藏》本卷四）", "authorNoteSimp": "吴澄此章与上章合为其第六十一章，此为其第四、五节。", "lemmaSimp": "夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣" }, { "id": "c049", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "民不畏死……孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "此承上章天道無言，而賞罰不遺，以明治天下者當敬天保民，不可有心尚殺以傷慈也。治天下者，不知天道，動尚刑威，是以死懼民也。老子因而嘆之曰：民不畏死，奈何以死懼之耶？以愚民無知，但為養生口體之故，或因利而行劫奪，或貪欲而嗜酒色，明知曰蹈死亡，而安心為之，是不畏死也。如此者眾，豈得人人而盡殺之耶？若民果有畏死之心，但凡有為奇詭之行者，吾執一人而殺之，則足以禁天下之暴矣，如此誰又敢為不法耶？民既不畏死，殺之無益，適足以傷慈耳。", "authorNote": "憨山解此章第一段。", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "此承上章天道无言，而赏罚不遗，以明治天下者当敬天保民，不可有心尚杀以伤慈也。治天下者，不知天道，动尚刑威，是以死惧民也。老子因而叹之曰：民不畏死，奈何以死惧之耶？以愚民无知，但为养生口体之故，或因利而行劫夺，或贪欲而嗜酒色，明知曰蹈死亡，而安心为之，是不畏死也。如此者众，岂得人人而尽杀之耶？若民果有畏死之心，但凡有为奇诡之行者，吾执一人而杀之，则足以禁天下之暴矣，如此谁又敢为不法耶？民既不畏死，杀之无益，适足以伤慈耳。", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）（憨山解此章第一段。）", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》（公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "憨山解此章第一段。", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死……孰敢" }, { "id": "c050", "block": 0, "source": "hanshan", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "常有司殺者殺……希有不傷手矣", "kind": "note", "text": "夫天之生民，必有以養之；而人不知天，不安命，橫肆貪欲以養生，甚至不顧利害，而無忌憚以作惡，是乃不畏天威。天道昭昭，必將有以殺之矣。是居常自有司殺者殺，無庸有心以殺之也，所謂天生天殺、道之理也。今夫人主操生殺之權，乃代天之威以保民者；若民惡貫盈，天必殺之，人主代天以行殺，故云代司殺者殺，如代大匠斲也。且天鑒昭明，毫髮不爽，其於殺也，運無心以合度，揮神斤以巧裁，不疾不徐，故如大匠之斲，運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手；至若代大匠斲者，希有不傷手矣。何也？夫有心之殺，乃嗜殺也，嗜殺傷慈。且天之司殺，實為好生；然天好生而人好殺，是不畏天而悖之，反取其殃，此所以為自傷其手也。孟子曰：不嗜殺人者能一之，此語深得老子之餘意。故軻力排楊墨而不及老莊，良有以焉。至哉仁人之言也！", "authorNote": "憨山解此章第二段。", "citation": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "夫天之生民，必有以养之；而人不知天，不安命，横肆贪欲以养生，甚至不顾利害，而无忌惮以作恶，是乃不畏天威。天道昭昭，必将有以杀之矣。是居常自有司杀者杀，无庸有心以杀之也，所谓天生天杀、道之理也。今夫人主操生杀之权，乃代天之威以保民者；若民恶贯盈，天必杀之，人主代天以行杀，故云代司杀者杀，如代大匠斲也。且天鉴昭明，毫发不爽，其于杀也，运无心以合度，挥神斤以巧裁，不疾不徐，故如大匠之斲，运斤成风而不伤锋犯手；至若代大匠斲者，希有不伤手矣。何也？夫有心之杀，乃嗜杀也，嗜杀伤慈。且天之司杀，实为好生；然天好生而人好杀，是不畏天而悖之，反取其殃，此所以为自伤其手也。孟子曰：不嗜杀人者能一之，此语深得老子之余意。故轲力排杨墨而不及老庄，良有以焉。至哉仁人之言也！", "citationFull": "釋德清《道德經解》（公開轉錄本）（憨山解此章第二段。）", "citationSimp": "释德清《道德经解》（公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "憨山解此章第二段。", "lemmaSimp": "常有司杀者杀……希有不伤手矣" }, { "id": "c051", "block": 0, "source": "weiyuan", "target": { "start": "s001", "end": "s002" }, "lemma": "民不畏死……孰敢", "kind": "note", "text": "明太祖讀「民不畏死，奈何以死懼之」之語，惻然有感，乃罷極刑而囚役之，不逾年而心減。仁人之言，其利溥哉！", "authorNote": "魏源以上章與此章合為其第六十一章，本義一段。", "citation": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "明太祖读「民不畏死，奈何以死惧之」之语，恻然有感，乃罢极刑而囚役之，不逾年而心减。仁人之言，其利溥哉！", "citationFull": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）（魏源以上章與此章合為其第六十一章，本義一段。）", "citationSimp": "魏源《老子本义》（下篇，公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "魏源以上章与此章合为其第六十一章，本义一段。", "lemmaSimp": "民不畏死……孰敢" }, { "id": "c052", "block": 0, "source": "weiyuan", "target": { "start": "s003", "end": "s005" }, "lemma": "校記", "kind": "note", "text": "「常有司殺者」以下六句，河上、王弼、開元、陳象古諸本各不同。此本前四句從傅奕，末兩句從《淮南子》。傅奕「民」下有「常」字；「奈何以死懼之」作「如之何其以死懼之」；「吾得執而殺之」無「執」字，一本「得」作「豈」。", "authorNote": "魏源校記，附於經文下；本站正文從王弼通行本。", "citation": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）", "textSimp": "「常有司杀者」以下六句，河上、王弼、开元、陈象古诸本各不同。此本前四句从傅奕，末两句从《淮南子》。傅奕「民」下有「常」字；「奈何以死惧之」作「如之何其以死惧之」；「吾得执而杀之」无「执」字，一本「得」作「岂」。", "citationFull": "魏源《老子本義》（下篇，公開轉錄本）（魏源校記，附於經文下；本站正文從王弼通行本。）", "citationSimp": "魏源《老子本义》（下篇，公开转录本）", "authorNoteSimp": "魏源校记，附于经文下；本站正文从王弼通行本。", "lemmaSimp": "校记" } ], "charNotes": [ { "id": "n001", "sentenceId": "s001", "start": 0, "end": 4, "char": "民不畏死", "charSimp": "民不畏死", "startSimp": 0, "endSimp": 4, "pinyin": "mín bù wèi sǐ", "gloss": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "glossSimp": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "general": "河上公謂刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死；成玄英謂染滯深重、貪逐前境、不憚死生；唐玄宗謂縱情動死、習以為常；嚴遵謂窮困輕死、安寧愛身；李榮謂酷罰使人不畏死；陸希聲謂民為利欲所陷、雖死不止；呂惠卿謂民固常不畏死；蘇轍謂政煩刑重、民無所措手足；吳澄謂民愚不知畏死；憨山謂養生口體、貪欲作惡而不畏天威；魏源引明太祖讀此語有感。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死；成玄英谓染滞深重、贪逐前境、不惮死生；唐玄宗谓纵情动死、习以为常；严遵谓穷困轻死、安宁爱身；李荣谓酷罚使人不畏死；陆希声谓民为利欲所陷、虽死不止；吕惠卿谓民固常不畏死；苏辙谓政烦刑重、民无所措手足；吴澄谓民愚不知畏死；憨山谓养生口体、贪欲作恶而不畏天威；魏源引明太祖读此语有感。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c001", "c010", "c011", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c027", "c031", "c037", "c038", "c039", "c044", "c049", "c051" ], "refsSimp": [ "c001", "c010", "c011", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c027", "c031", "c037", "c038", "c039", "c044", "c049", "c051" ] }, { "id": "n002", "sentenceId": "s001", "start": 5, "end": 7, "char": "奈何", "charSimp": "奈何", "startSimp": 5, "endSimp": 7, "pinyin": "nài hé", "gloss": "為什麼，如何。", "glossSimp": "为什么，如何。", "general": "河上公謂奈何設刑法以死懼之；成玄英謂故發奈何之嘆、深長痛之；唐玄宗謂奈何更立刑法以誅殺恐懼之；李榮謂如何還以酷法理人、欲人懼之於死；陸希聲謂如之何當世之君作為嚴刑酷法；呂惠卿謂奈何以死而懼之而欲其畏死；憨山謂奈何以死懼之耶。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓奈何设刑法以死惧之；成玄英谓故发奈何之叹、深长痛之；唐玄宗谓奈何更立刑法以诛杀恐惧之；李荣谓如何还以酷法理人、欲人惧之于死；陆希声谓如之何当世之君作为严刑酷法；吕惠卿谓奈何以死而惧之而欲其畏死；憨山谓奈何以死惧之耶。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c002", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c032", "c037", "c038", "c049" ], "refsSimp": [ "c002", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c032", "c037", "c038", "c049" ] }, { "id": "n003", "sentenceId": "s001", "start": 7, "end": 11, "char": "以死懼之", "charSimp": "以死惧之", "startSimp": 7, "endSimp": 11, "pinyin": "yǐ sǐ jù zhī", "gloss": "用死亡来恐吓他们。", "glossSimp": "用死亡来恐吓他们。", "general": "河上公謂設刑法以死懼之；成玄英謂經戒嚴明而曾無恐懼；唐玄宗謂立刑法以誅殺恐懼之；李榮謂欲人懼之於死；陸希聲謂嚴刑酷法不可以威眾；呂惠卿謂不可以死懼；蘇轍謂雖以死懼之無益；吳澄謂以死懼之而輕易殺人；憨山謂殺之無益、適足以傷慈。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓设刑法以死惧之；成玄英谓经戒严明而曾无恐惧；唐玄宗谓立刑法以诛杀恐惧之；李荣谓欲人惧之于死；陆希声谓严刑酷法不可以威众；吕惠卿谓不可以死惧；苏辙谓虽以死惧之无益；吴澄谓以死惧之而轻易杀人；憨山谓杀之无益、适足以伤慈。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c002", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c032", "c037", "c038", "c039", "c044", "c049" ], "refsSimp": [ "c002", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c032", "c037", "c038", "c039", "c044", "c049" ] }, { "id": "n004", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 8, "end": 11, "char": "為奇者", "charSimp": "为奇者", "startSimp": 8, "endSimp": 11, "pinyin": "wéi qí zhě", "gloss": "行诡诈奇异之事的人。", "glossSimp": "行诡诈奇异之事的人。", "general": "河上公謂反為奇巧、乃應王法；王弼謂詭異亂群謂之奇；成玄英謂奇詐堅執、顛倒為常；唐玄宗謂獨奇詐者；李榮謂奇者詭異亂群；陸希聲謂奇邪者；呂惠卿謂為奇者；蘇轍謂詭異亂群者；吳澄謂奇邪為惡者、奇不正也；憨山謂奇詭之行；魏源校記謂一本「得」作「豈」。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓反为奇巧、乃应王法；王弼谓诡异乱群谓之奇；成玄英谓奇诈坚执、颠倒为常；唐玄宗谓独奇诈者；李荣谓奇者诡异乱群；陆希声谓奇邪者；吕惠卿谓为奇者；苏辙谓诡异乱群者；吴澄谓奇邪为恶者、奇不正也；憨山谓奇诡之行；魏源校记谓一本「得」作「岂」。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c004", "c008", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c008", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ] }, { "id": "n005", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 14, "end": 18, "char": "執而殺之", "charSimp": "执而杀之", "startSimp": 14, "endSimp": 18, "pinyin": "zhí ér shā zhī", "gloss": "抓起来杀掉。", "glossSimp": "抓起来杀掉。", "general": "河上公謂執而殺之、誰敢有犯；成玄英謂冥司捕獲、執而殺之、風刀考楚；唐玄宗謂勢得執殺此奇詐之人；李榮謂天不長惡、故得執殺之；陸希聲謂得奇邪者殺戮之；呂惠卿謂執之而不勝、殺之而不止；蘇轍謂執詭異亂群者而殺之；吳澄謂執而殺之、人人知畏；憨山謂執一人而殺之足以禁暴；魏源校記謂傅奕無「執」字。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓执而杀之、谁敢有犯；成玄英谓冥司捕获、执而杀之、风刀考楚；唐玄宗谓势得执杀此奇诈之人；李荣谓天不长恶、故得执杀之；陆希声谓得奇邪者杀戮之；吕惠卿谓执之而不胜、杀之而不止；苏辙谓执诡异乱群者而杀之；吴澄谓执而杀之、人人知畏；憨山谓执一人而杀之足以禁暴；魏源校记谓傅奕无「执」字。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ] }, { "id": "n006", "sentenceId": "s002", "start": 19, "end": 21, "char": "孰敢", "charSimp": "孰敢", "startSimp": 19, "endSimp": 21, "pinyin": "shú gǎn", "gloss": "谁还敢。", "glossSimp": "谁还敢。", "general": "河上公謂誰敢有犯者；成玄英謂誰復敢造罪；唐玄宗謂孰敢即殺爾；李榮謂孰敢為非；陸希聲謂誰敢更為奇者；呂惠卿謂孰敢不畏死而為奇；蘇轍謂孰敢不服；吳澄謂孰敢為惡；憨山謂誰又敢為不法。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓谁敢有犯者；成玄英谓谁复敢造罪；唐玄宗谓孰敢即杀尔；李荣谓孰敢为非；陆希声谓谁敢更为奇者；吕惠卿谓孰敢不畏死而为奇；苏辙谓孰敢不服；吴澄谓孰敢为恶；憨山谓谁又敢为不法。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ] }, { "id": "n007", "sentenceId": "s003", "start": 2, "end": 5, "char": "司殺者", "charSimp": "司杀者", "startSimp": 2, "endSimp": 5, "pinyin": "sī shā zhě", "gloss": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "glossSimp": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "general": "河上公謂司殺者天、居高臨下、司察人過；王弼謂逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾、故曰常有司殺；成玄英謂三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存；唐玄宗謂天鑒孔明、奇詐之人不得其死；嚴遵謂司殺者大臣、帝王無事無為、百官各任；李榮謂賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代；陸希聲謂主至當之刑謂之司殺者；呂惠卿謂司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用；蘇轍謂司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺；吳澄謂司殺者天、惟天能殺人；憨山謂居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓司杀者天、居高临下、司察人过；王弼谓逆顺者所恶忿、不仁者人所疾、故曰常有司杀；成玄英谓三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存；唐玄宗谓天鉴孔明、奇诈之人不得其死；严遵谓司杀者大臣、帝王无事无为、百官各任；李荣谓赏罚有主、生杀之官不可擅代；陆希声谓主至当之刑谓之司杀者；吕惠卿谓司杀者天、天讨有罪、五刑五用；苏辙谓司杀者天、天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀；吴澄谓司杀者天、惟天能杀人；憨山谓居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c005", "c009", "c014", "c019", "c024", "c028", "c034", "c037", "c038", "c041", "c046", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c005", "c009", "c014", "c019", "c024", "c028", "c034", "c037", "c038", "c041", "c046", "c050", "c052" ] }, { "id": "n008", "sentenceId": "s004", "start": 10, "end": 13, "char": "大匠斲", "charSimp": "大匠斲", "startSimp": 10, "endSimp": 13, "pinyin": "dà jiàng zhuó", "gloss": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "glossSimp": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "general": "河上公謂拙夫代大匠斵木、勞而無功；成玄英謂庸拙之士代匠運斲、所作不成、反傷其手；唐玄宗謂拙夫代大匠斲木、必不得天理；嚴遵謂人主自斲、工人拱手；李榮謂時政代以人功、失之於道；陸希聲謂代大匠斲樸、齾斤析指；呂惠卿謂代大匠斲、希有不傷其手；蘇轍謂代大匠斲則傷其手；吳澄謂代匠斲木；憨山謂如大匠之斲、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手；魏源校記謂末兩句從《淮南子》。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓拙夫代大匠斵木、劳而无功；成玄英谓庸拙之士代匠运斲、所作不成、反伤其手；唐玄宗谓拙夫代大匠斲木、必不得天理；严遵谓人主自斲、工人拱手；李荣谓时政代以人功、失之于道；陆希声谓代大匠斲朴、𫜰斤析指；吕惠卿谓代大匠斲、希有不伤其手；苏辙谓代大匠斲则伤其手；吴澄谓代匠斲木；憨山谓如大匠之斲、运斤成风而不伤锋犯手；魏源校记谓末两句从《淮南子》。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c006", "c015", "c020", "c025", "c029", "c035", "c037", "c038", "c042", "c047", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c006", "c015", "c020", "c025", "c029", "c035", "c037", "c038", "c042", "c047", "c050", "c052" ] }, { "id": "n009", "sentenceId": "s005", "start": 7, "end": 9, "char": "希有", "charSimp": "希有", "startSimp": 7, "endSimp": 9, "pinyin": "xī yǒu", "gloss": "很少有。", "glossSimp": "很少有。", "general": "河上公謂希有不傷手者；成玄英謂少有不傷、所傷多矣；唐玄宗謂惡得不損材傷手；嚴遵謂大廈不成、天下失理；李榮謂少有不傷、所傷多矣；陸希聲謂希有不傷其手；呂惠卿謂希有不傷其手；蘇轍謂代斲傷手、代殺及身；吳澄謂代斲者手必多傷；憨山謂希有不傷手矣；魏源校記謂末兩句從《淮南子》。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓希有不伤手者；成玄英谓少有不伤、所伤多矣；唐玄宗谓恶得不损材伤手；严遵谓大厦不成、天下失理；李荣谓少有不伤、所伤多矣；陆希声谓希有不伤其手；吕惠卿谓希有不伤其手；苏辙谓代斲伤手、代杀及身；吴澄谓代斲者手必多伤；憨山谓希有不伤手矣；魏源校记谓末两句从《淮南子》。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ] }, { "id": "n010", "sentenceId": "s005", "start": 10, "end": 13, "char": "傷其手", "charSimp": "伤其手", "startSimp": 10, "endSimp": 13, "pinyin": "shāng qí shǒu", "gloss": "砍伤自己的手。", "glossSimp": "砍伤自己的手。", "general": "河上公謂還自傷、還受其殃；成玄英謂反傷其手、翻獲其釁；唐玄宗謂傷材自傷、殘害百姓、自喪天和；嚴遵謂無以庇子孫、無以安社稷；李榮謂必有傷手之憂；陸希聲謂齾斤析指、功用不就；呂惠卿謂代司殺者殺其傷可知；蘇轍謂代司殺者殺則及其身；吳澄謂代殺者身必多害、不有人禍必有天刑；憨山謂嗜殺反取其殃而自傷其手。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓还自伤、还受其殃；成玄英谓反伤其手、翻获其衅；唐玄宗谓伤材自伤、残害百姓、自丧天和；严遵谓无以庇子孙、无以安社稷；李荣谓必有伤手之忧；陆希声谓𫜰斤析指、功用不就；吕惠卿谓代司杀者杀其伤可知；苏辙谓代司杀者杀则及其身；吴澄谓代杀者身必多害、不有人祸必有天刑；憨山谓嗜杀反取其殃而自伤其手。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ] } ], "glossary": { "制惑第七十四": "河上公本章章題全稱。", "人不畏死章": "成玄英本章章題。", "人不畏死章第七十四": "成玄英本章章題全稱。", "民常不畏死章": "呂惠卿本章章題。", "民常不畏死章第七十四": "呂惠卿本章章題全稱。", "民不畏死章": "蘇轍本章章題。", "民不畏死章第七十四": "蘇轍本章章題全稱。", "民不畏死": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "奈何": "為什麼，如何。", "以死懼之": "用死亡来恐吓他们。", "為奇者": "行诡诈奇异之事的人。", "奇": "詭異亂群，即诡诈作乱。", "執而殺之": "抓起来杀掉。", "孰敢": "谁还敢。", "司殺者": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "司殺": "掌管杀伐。", "大匠斲": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "希有": "很少有。", "傷其手": "砍伤自己的手。", "代司殺者殺": "代替司杀者去杀人。", "大匠": "高明的木匠。", "詭異亂群": "王弼語，诡诈奇异、扰乱人群。", "逆順者": "王弼語，指行事违逆或顺从之人。", "冥司": "成玄英語，冥冥中掌管罪罚的官署。", "三官九署": "成玄英語，道教所說掌管罪簿的官署。", "羅酆泉曲": "成玄英語，道教地府所在。", "天討有罪": "陸希聲引《書》，謂上天討伐有罪之人。", "五刑五用": "陸希聲引《書》，謂五種刑罰各得其用。", "刑期無刑": "陸希聲引《書》，謂用刑期於無刑。", "惟刑之恤": "陸希聲引《書》，謂用刑當存憐恤。", "齾斤析指": "陸希聲語，謂不善砍削而傷指。", "無代馬走": "陸希聲引管仲語，謂不代替馬奔跑。", "天網恢恢": "呂惠卿語，謂天道之網廣大。", "天鑒孔明": "唐玄宗語，謂上天照察甚明。", "在宥": "李榮語，謂寬恕寬容。", "怙終": "吳澄語，恃惡不悛。", "眚災": "吳澄語，因過失而致災。", "嗜殺": "憨山語，嗜好殺戮。", "玄德纂疏": "唐道教注疏彙編，存成玄英、唐玄宗、嚴遵、李榮等佚文。", "指歸": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》。", "輯文": "輯錄佚文。", "四部叢刊本": "河上公此章所用底本。", "道藏本": "王弼此章所用底本；此章正文有脱誤，本站從通行本。" }, "collations": [ { "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "章次與章題", "text": "河上公題「制惑第七十四」；成玄英題「人不畏死章第七十四」；呂惠卿題「民常不畏死章第七十四」；蘇轍題「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陸希聲本此章無章題；憨山次為七十四章而無章題；吳澄以此章與上章合為其第六十一章，魏源亦合上章與此章為其第六十一章。本站從王弼本分章。", "source": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、王弼《老子道德經注》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、嚴遵《道德真經指歸》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "河上公题「制惑第七十四」；成玄英题「人不畏死章第七十四」；吕惠卿题「民常不畏死章第七十四」；苏辙题「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陆希声本此章无章题；憨山次为七十四章而无章题；吴澄以此章与上章合为其第六十一章，魏源亦合上章与此章为其第六十一章。本站从王弼本分章。", "headwordSimp": "章次与章题", "sourceSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、王弼《老子道德经注》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、严遵《道德真经指归》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k001" }, { "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "「民不畏死」與「民常不畏死」", "text": "王弼、河上公、吳澄、憨山、魏源作「民不畏死」；《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引經文、蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿作「民常不畏死」；魏源校記謂傅奕「民」下有「常」字。本站從王弼作「民不畏死」。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、蘇轍《老子解》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "王弼、河上公、吴澄、憨山、魏源作「民不畏死」；《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引经文、苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿作「民常不畏死」；魏源校记谓傅奕「民」下有「常」字。本站从王弼作「民不畏死」。", "headwordSimp": "「民不畏死」与「民常不畏死」", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、苏辙《老子解》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k002" }, { "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "「若使民常畏死」與「若使人常畏死」", "text": "王弼、河上公、吳澄、憨山、魏源作「若使民常畏死」；蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿作「若使人常畏死」；憨山作「吾將執而殺之」，傅奕無「執」字，一本「得」作「豈」。本站從王弼作「若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之」。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、蘇轍《老子解》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "王弼、河上公、吴澄、憨山、魏源作「若使民常畏死」；苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿作「若使人常畏死」；憨山作「吾将执而杀之」，傅奕无「执」字，一本「得」作「岂」。本站从王弼作「若使民常畏死，而为奇者，吾得执而杀之」。", "headwordSimp": "「若使民常畏死」与「若使人常畏死」", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、苏辙《老子解》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k003" }, { "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "「常有司殺者殺」以下諸本差異", "text": "王弼道藏本作「常有司殺者殺，夫司殺者是大匠斲」，無「代司殺者殺，是謂」六字；河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗所引作「常有司殺者」「夫代司殺者是謂代大匠斵」；蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿作「常有司殺者殺而代司殺者殺，是代大匠斲」；吳澄作「常有司殺者，夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲」；魏源本前四句從傅奕、末兩句從《淮南子》，作「常有司殺者殺，而代司殺者殺，是代大匠斲」。本站從王弼通行本作「常有司殺者殺。夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲」。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "王弼道藏本作「常有司杀者杀，夫司杀者是大匠斲」，无「代司杀者杀，是谓」六字；河上公、成玄英、唐玄宗所引作「常有司杀者」「夫代司杀者是谓代大匠斵」；苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿作「常有司杀者杀而代司杀者杀，是代大匠斲」；吴澄作「常有司杀者，夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲」；魏源本前四句从傅奕、末两句从《淮南子》，作「常有司杀者杀，而代司杀者杀，是代大匠斲」。本站从王弼通行本作「常有司杀者杀。夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲」。", "headwordSimp": "「常有司杀者杀」以下诸本差异", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k004" }, { "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "「希有不傷其手矣」與「希有不傷手矣」", "text": "王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、李榮、陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍作「希有不傷其手矣」；河上公、吳澄、憨山作「希有不傷手矣」；魏源作「希不傷其手矣」。本站從王弼作「希有不傷其手矣」。", "source": "王弼《老子道德經注》、河上公《老子道德經章句》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "王弼、成玄英、唐玄宗、李荣、陆希声、吕惠卿、苏辙作「希有不伤其手矣」；河上公、吴澄、憨山作「希有不伤手矣」；魏源作「希不伤其手矣」。本站从王弼作「希有不伤其手矣」。", "headwordSimp": "「希有不伤其手矣」与「希有不伤手矣」", "sourceSimp": "王弼《老子道德经注》、河上公《老子道德经章句》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k005" }, { "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "出處、注數與王夫之俞樾缺佚", "text": "河上公據四部叢刊本、參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；王弼據道藏本而正文從通行本；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵、李榮據《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄據《道藏》本卷四；憨山、魏源據公開轉錄本。嚴遵此章《玄德纂疏》存「嚴曰」四則；王夫之《老子衍》公開轉錄本止於第六十六章；俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列，故均不列。河上公七條、王弼二條、成玄英章義二則與疏五條、唐玄宗御注五條、御疏五條、嚴遵輯文四條、李榮六條、陸希聲一段、呂惠卿一段、蘇轍五條、吳澄五條、憨山二段、魏源本義一段與校記一條。", "source": "河上公《老子道德經章句》、王弼《老子道德經注》、成玄英《老子道德經義疏》、唐玄宗《道德真經注疏》、嚴遵《道德真經指歸》、李榮《道德真經注》、陸希聲《道德經傳》、呂惠卿《道德真經傳》、蘇轍《老子解》、吳澄《道德真經注》、釋德清《道德經解》、魏源《老子本義》", "textSimp": "河上公据四部丛刊本、参《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；王弼据道藏本而正文从通行本；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵、李荣据《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；陆希声、吕惠卿、苏辙、吴澄据《道藏》本卷四；憨山、魏源据公开转录本。严遵此章《玄德纂疏》存「严曰」四则；王夫之《老子衍》公开转录本止于第六十六章；俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列，故均不列。河上公七条、王弼二条、成玄英章义二则与疏五条、唐玄宗御注五条、御疏五条、严遵辑文四条、李荣六条、陆希声一段、吕惠卿一段、苏辙五条、吴澄五条、憨山二段、魏源本义一段与校记一条。", "headwordSimp": "出处、注数与王夫之俞樾缺佚", "sourceSimp": "河上公《老子道德经章句》、王弼《老子道德经注》、成玄英《老子道德经义疏》、唐玄宗《道德真经注疏》、严遵《道德真经指归》、李荣《道德真经注》、陆希声《道德经传》、吕惠卿《道德真经传》、苏辙《老子解》、吴澄《道德真经注》、释德清《道德经解》、魏源《老子本义》", "id": "k006" } ], "glossarySimp": { "制惑第七十四": "河上公本章章题全称。", "人不畏死章": "成玄英本章章题。", "人不畏死章第七十四": "成玄英本章章题全称。", "民常不畏死章": "吕惠卿本章章题。", "民常不畏死章第七十四": "吕惠卿本章章题全称。", "民不畏死章": "苏辙本章章题。", "民不畏死章第七十四": "苏辙本章章题全称。", "民不畏死": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "奈何": "为什么，如何。", "以死惧之": "用死亡来恐吓他们。", "为奇者": "行诡诈奇异之事的人。", "奇": "诡异乱群，即诡诈作乱。", "执而杀之": "抓起来杀掉。", "孰敢": "谁还敢。", "司杀者": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "司杀": "掌管杀伐。", "大匠斲": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "希有": "很少有。", "伤其手": "砍伤自己的手。", "代司杀者杀": "代替司杀者去杀人。", "大匠": "高明的木匠。", "诡异乱群": "王弼语，诡诈奇异、扰乱人群。", "逆顺者": "王弼语，指行事违逆或顺从之人。", "冥司": "成玄英语，冥冥中掌管罪罚的官署。", "三官九署": "成玄英语，道教所说掌管罪簿的官署。", "罗酆泉曲": "成玄英语，道教地府所在。", "天讨有罪": "陆希声引《书》，谓上天讨伐有罪之人。", "五刑五用": "陆希声引《书》，谓五种刑罚各得其用。", "刑期无刑": "陆希声引《书》，谓用刑期于无刑。", "惟刑之恤": "陆希声引《书》，谓用刑当存怜恤。", "𫜰斤析指": "陆希声语，谓不善砍削而伤指。", "无代马走": "陆希声引管仲语，谓不代替马奔跑。", "天网恢恢": "吕惠卿语，谓天道之网广大。", "天鉴孔明": "唐玄宗语，谓上天照察甚明。", "在宥": "李荣语，谓宽恕宽容。", "怙终": "吴澄语，恃恶不悛。", "眚灾": "吴澄语，因过失而致灾。", "嗜杀": "憨山语，嗜好杀戮。", "玄德纂疏": "唐道教注疏汇编，存成玄英、唐玄宗、严遵、李荣等佚文。", "指归": "严遵《道德真经指归》。", "辑文": "辑录佚文。", "四部丛刊本": "河上公此章所用底本。", "道藏本": "王弼此章所用底本；此章正文有脱误，本站从通行本。" }, "lexicon": { "note": "由构建脚本从字词注与常用字表生成，供义位词典和开放数据集使用；occurrence 统计按繁体与简体正文分别匹配后合并。", "entries": [ { "order": 1, "id": "n001", "noteId": "n001", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "民不畏死", "headwordSimp": "民不畏死", "pinyin": "mín bù wèi sǐ", "gloss": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "glossSimp": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "general": "河上公謂刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死；成玄英謂染滯深重、貪逐前境、不憚死生；唐玄宗謂縱情動死、習以為常；嚴遵謂窮困輕死、安寧愛身；李榮謂酷罰使人不畏死；陸希聲謂民為利欲所陷、雖死不止；呂惠卿謂民固常不畏死；蘇轍謂政煩刑重、民無所措手足；吳澄謂民愚不知畏死；憨山謂養生口體、貪欲作惡而不畏天威；魏源引明太祖讀此語有感。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死；成玄英谓染滞深重、贪逐前境、不惮死生；唐玄宗谓纵情动死、习以为常；严遵谓穷困轻死、安宁爱身；李荣谓酷罚使人不畏死；陆希声谓民为利欲所陷、虽死不止；吕惠卿谓民固常不畏死；苏辙谓政烦刑重、民无所措手足；吴澄谓民愚不知畏死；憨山谓养生口体、贪欲作恶而不畏天威；魏源引明太祖读此语有感。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c001", "c010", "c011", "c012", "c017", "c022", "c027", "c031", "c037", "c038", "c039", 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"noteId": "n004", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "為奇者", "headwordSimp": "为奇者", "pinyin": "wéi qí zhě", "gloss": "行诡诈奇异之事的人。", "glossSimp": "行诡诈奇异之事的人。", "general": "河上公謂反為奇巧、乃應王法；王弼謂詭異亂群謂之奇；成玄英謂奇詐堅執、顛倒為常；唐玄宗謂獨奇詐者；李榮謂奇者詭異亂群；陸希聲謂奇邪者；呂惠卿謂為奇者；蘇轍謂詭異亂群者；吳澄謂奇邪為惡者、奇不正也；憨山謂奇詭之行；魏源校記謂一本「得」作「豈」。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓反为奇巧、乃应王法；王弼谓诡异乱群谓之奇；成玄英谓奇诈坚执、颠倒为常；唐玄宗谓独奇诈者；李荣谓奇者诡异乱群；陆希声谓奇邪者；吕惠卿谓为奇者；苏辙谓诡异乱群者；吴澄谓奇邪为恶者、奇不正也；憨山谓奇诡之行；魏源校记谓一本「得」作「岂」。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c004", "c008", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c008", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "forms": [ { "form": "為奇者", "formSimp": "为奇者", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 5, "id": "n005", "noteId": "n005", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "執而殺之", "headwordSimp": "执而杀之", "pinyin": "zhí ér shā zhī", "gloss": "抓起来杀掉。", "glossSimp": "抓起来杀掉。", "general": "河上公謂執而殺之、誰敢有犯；成玄英謂冥司捕獲、執而殺之、風刀考楚；唐玄宗謂勢得執殺此奇詐之人；李榮謂天不長惡、故得執殺之；陸希聲謂得奇邪者殺戮之；呂惠卿謂執之而不勝、殺之而不止；蘇轍謂執詭異亂群者而殺之；吳澄謂執而殺之、人人知畏；憨山謂執一人而殺之足以禁暴；魏源校記謂傅奕無「執」字。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓执而杀之、谁敢有犯；成玄英谓冥司捕获、执而杀之、风刀考楚；唐玄宗谓势得执杀此奇诈之人；李荣谓天不长恶、故得执杀之；陆希声谓得奇邪者杀戮之；吕惠卿谓执之而不胜、杀之而不止；苏辙谓执诡异乱群者而杀之；吴澄谓执而杀之、人人知畏；憨山谓执一人而杀之足以禁暴；魏源校记谓傅奕无「执」字。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "forms": [ { "form": "執而殺之", "formSimp": "执而杀之", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 6, "id": "n006", "noteId": "n006", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "孰敢", "headwordSimp": "孰敢", "pinyin": "shú gǎn", "gloss": "谁还敢。", "glossSimp": "谁还敢。", "general": "河上公謂誰敢有犯者；成玄英謂誰復敢造罪；唐玄宗謂孰敢即殺爾；李榮謂孰敢為非；陸希聲謂誰敢更為奇者；呂惠卿謂孰敢不畏死而為奇；蘇轍謂孰敢不服；吳澄謂孰敢為惡；憨山謂誰又敢為不法。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓谁敢有犯者；成玄英谓谁复敢造罪；唐玄宗谓孰敢即杀尔；李荣谓孰敢为非；陆希声谓谁敢更为奇者；吕惠卿谓孰敢不畏死而为奇；苏辙谓孰敢不服；吴澄谓孰敢为恶；憨山谓谁又敢为不法。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "refsSimp": [ "c004", "c013", "c018", "c023", "c033", "c037", "c038", "c040", "c045", "c049", "c051" ], "forms": [ { "form": "孰敢", "formSimp": "孰敢", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 7, "id": "n007", "noteId": "n007", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "司殺者", "headwordSimp": "司杀者", "pinyin": "sī shā zhě", "gloss": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "glossSimp": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "general": "河上公謂司殺者天、居高臨下、司察人過；王弼謂逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾、故曰常有司殺；成玄英謂三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存；唐玄宗謂天鑒孔明、奇詐之人不得其死；嚴遵謂司殺者大臣、帝王無事無為、百官各任；李榮謂賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代；陸希聲謂主至當之刑謂之司殺者；呂惠卿謂司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用；蘇轍謂司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺；吳澄謂司殺者天、惟天能殺人；憨山謂居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓司杀者天、居高临下、司察人过；王弼谓逆顺者所恶忿、不仁者人所疾、故曰常有司杀；成玄英谓三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存；唐玄宗谓天鉴孔明、奇诈之人不得其死；严遵谓司杀者大臣、帝王无事无为、百官各任；李荣谓赏罚有主、生杀之官不可擅代；陆希声谓主至当之刑谓之司杀者；吕惠卿谓司杀者天、天讨有罪、五刑五用；苏辙谓司杀者天、天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀；吴澄谓司杀者天、惟天能杀人；憨山谓居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c005", "c009", "c014", "c019", "c024", "c028", "c034", "c037", "c038", "c041", "c046", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c005", "c009", "c014", "c019", "c024", "c028", "c034", "c037", "c038", "c041", "c046", "c050", "c052" ], "forms": [ { "form": "司殺者", "formSimp": "司杀者", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 8, "id": "n008", "noteId": "n008", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "大匠斲", "headwordSimp": "大匠斲", "pinyin": "dà jiàng zhuó", "gloss": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "glossSimp": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "general": "河上公謂拙夫代大匠斵木、勞而無功；成玄英謂庸拙之士代匠運斲、所作不成、反傷其手；唐玄宗謂拙夫代大匠斲木、必不得天理；嚴遵謂人主自斲、工人拱手；李榮謂時政代以人功、失之於道；陸希聲謂代大匠斲樸、齾斤析指；呂惠卿謂代大匠斲、希有不傷其手；蘇轍謂代大匠斲則傷其手；吳澄謂代匠斲木；憨山謂如大匠之斲、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手；魏源校記謂末兩句從《淮南子》。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓拙夫代大匠斵木、劳而无功；成玄英谓庸拙之士代匠运斲、所作不成、反伤其手；唐玄宗谓拙夫代大匠斲木、必不得天理；严遵谓人主自斲、工人拱手；李荣谓时政代以人功、失之于道；陆希声谓代大匠斲朴、𫜰斤析指；吕惠卿谓代大匠斲、希有不伤其手；苏辙谓代大匠斲则伤其手；吴澄谓代匠斲木；憨山谓如大匠之斲、运斤成风而不伤锋犯手；魏源校记谓末两句从《淮南子》。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c006", "c015", "c020", "c025", "c029", "c035", "c037", "c038", "c042", "c047", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c006", "c015", "c020", "c025", "c029", "c035", "c037", "c038", "c042", "c047", "c050", "c052" ], "forms": [ { "form": "大匠斲", "formSimp": "大匠斲", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s004", "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004", "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 9, "id": "n009", "noteId": "n009", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "希有", "headwordSimp": "希有", "pinyin": "xī yǒu", "gloss": "很少有。", "glossSimp": "很少有。", "general": "河上公謂希有不傷手者；成玄英謂少有不傷、所傷多矣；唐玄宗謂惡得不損材傷手；嚴遵謂大廈不成、天下失理；李榮謂少有不傷、所傷多矣；陸希聲謂希有不傷其手；呂惠卿謂希有不傷其手；蘇轍謂代斲傷手、代殺及身；吳澄謂代斲者手必多傷；憨山謂希有不傷手矣；魏源校記謂末兩句從《淮南子》。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓希有不伤手者；成玄英谓少有不伤、所伤多矣；唐玄宗谓恶得不损材伤手；严遵谓大厦不成、天下失理；李荣谓少有不伤、所伤多矣；陆希声谓希有不伤其手；吕惠卿谓希有不伤其手；苏辙谓代斲伤手、代杀及身；吴澄谓代斲者手必多伤；憨山谓希有不伤手矣；魏源校记谓末两句从《淮南子》。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ], "forms": [ { "form": "希有", "formSimp": "希有", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 10, "id": "n010", "noteId": "n010", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "傷其手", "headwordSimp": "伤其手", "pinyin": "shāng qí shǒu", "gloss": "砍伤自己的手。", "glossSimp": "砍伤自己的手。", "general": "河上公謂還自傷、還受其殃；成玄英謂反傷其手、翻獲其釁；唐玄宗謂傷材自傷、殘害百姓、自喪天和；嚴遵謂無以庇子孫、無以安社稷；李榮謂必有傷手之憂；陸希聲謂齾斤析指、功用不就；呂惠卿謂代司殺者殺其傷可知；蘇轍謂代司殺者殺則及其身；吳澄謂代殺者身必多害、不有人禍必有天刑；憨山謂嗜殺反取其殃而自傷其手。", "generalSimp": "河上公谓还自伤、还受其殃；成玄英谓反伤其手、翻获其衅；唐玄宗谓伤材自伤、残害百姓、自丧天和；严遵谓无以庇子孙、无以安社稷；李荣谓必有伤手之忧；陆希声谓𫜰斤析指、功用不就；吕惠卿谓代司杀者杀其伤可知；苏辙谓代司杀者杀则及其身；吴澄谓代杀者身必多害、不有人祸必有天刑；憨山谓嗜杀反取其殃而自伤其手。", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ], "refsSimp": [ "c007", "c016", "c021", "c026", "c030", "c036", "c037", "c038", "c043", "c048", "c050", "c052" ], "forms": [ { "form": "傷其手", "formSimp": "伤其手", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 } ], "glossaryEntries": [ { "order": 11, "id": "g001", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "制惑第七十四", "headwordSimp": "制惑第七十四", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "河上公本章章題全稱。", "glossSimp": "河上公本章章题全称。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "制惑第七十四", "formSimp": "制惑第七十四", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 12, "id": "g002", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "人不畏死章", "headwordSimp": "人不畏死章", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "成玄英本章章題。", "glossSimp": "成玄英本章章题。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "人不畏死章", "formSimp": "人不畏死章", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 13, "id": "g003", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "人不畏死章第七十四", "headwordSimp": "人不畏死章第七十四", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "成玄英本章章題全稱。", "glossSimp": "成玄英本章章题全称。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "人不畏死章第七十四", "formSimp": "人不畏死章第七十四", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, 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"sentenceId": "", "headword": "民不畏死章", "headwordSimp": "民不畏死章", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "蘇轍本章章題。", "glossSimp": "苏辙本章章题。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "民不畏死章", "formSimp": "民不畏死章", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 17, "id": "g007", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "民不畏死章第七十四", "headwordSimp": "民不畏死章第七十四", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "蘇轍本章章題全稱。", "glossSimp": "苏辙本章章题全称。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "民不畏死章第七十四", "formSimp": "民不畏死章第七十四", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 18, "id": "g008", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s001", "headword": "民不畏死", "headwordSimp": "民不畏死", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "glossSimp": "人民不畏惧死亡。", "general": 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1 }, { "order": 23, "id": "g013", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "執而殺之", "headwordSimp": "执而杀之", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "抓起来杀掉。", "glossSimp": "抓起来杀掉。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "執而殺之", "formSimp": "执而杀之", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 24, "id": "g014", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s002", "headword": "孰敢", "headwordSimp": "孰敢", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "谁还敢。", "glossSimp": "谁还敢。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "孰敢", "formSimp": "孰敢", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s002" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s002" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 25, "id": "g015", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "司殺者", "headwordSimp": "司杀者", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "glossSimp": "掌管杀伐者，诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "司殺者", "formSimp": "司杀者", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 26, "id": "g016", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s003", "headword": "司殺", "headwordSimp": "司杀", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "掌管杀伐。", "glossSimp": "掌管杀伐。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "司殺", "formSimp": "司杀", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s003", "s004" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 27, "id": "g017", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s004", "headword": "大匠斲", "headwordSimp": "大匠斲", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "glossSimp": "高明的木匠砍削木头。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "大匠斲", "formSimp": "大匠斲", "kind": "headword", "count": 2, "sentenceIds": [ "s004", "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s004", "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 2 }, { "order": 28, "id": "g018", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "希有", "headwordSimp": "希有", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "很少有。", "glossSimp": "很少有。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "希有", "formSimp": "希有", "kind": "headword", "count": 1, "sentenceIds": [ "s005" ] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [ "s005" ], "occurrenceCount": 1 }, { "order": 29, "id": "g019", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "s005", "headword": "傷其手", "headwordSimp": "伤其手", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "砍伤自己的手。", "glossSimp": "砍伤自己的手。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "傷其手", "formSimp": "伤其手", "kind": 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2 }, { "order": 32, "id": "g022", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "詭異亂群", "headwordSimp": "诡异乱群", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "王弼語，诡诈奇异、扰乱人群。", "glossSimp": "王弼语，诡诈奇异、扰乱人群。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "詭異亂群", "formSimp": "诡异乱群", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 33, "id": "g023", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "逆順者", "headwordSimp": "逆顺者", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "王弼語，指行事违逆或顺从之人。", "glossSimp": "王弼语，指行事违逆或顺从之人。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "逆順者", "formSimp": "逆顺者", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 34, "id": "g024", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "冥司", "headwordSimp": "冥司", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "成玄英語，冥冥中掌管罪罚的官署。", "glossSimp": "成玄英语，冥冥中掌管罪罚的官署。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "冥司", "formSimp": "冥司", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 35, "id": "g025", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "三官九署", "headwordSimp": "三官九署", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "成玄英語，道教所說掌管罪簿的官署。", "glossSimp": "成玄英语，道教所说掌管罪簿的官署。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "三官九署", "formSimp": "三官九署", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 36, "id": "g026", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "羅酆泉曲", "headwordSimp": "罗酆泉曲", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "成玄英語，道教地府所在。", "glossSimp": "成玄英语，道教地府所在。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "羅酆泉曲", "formSimp": "罗酆泉曲", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 37, "id": "g027", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "天討有罪", "headwordSimp": "天讨有罪", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "陸希聲引《書》，謂上天討伐有罪之人。", "glossSimp": "陆希声引《书》，谓上天讨伐有罪之人。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "天討有罪", "formSimp": "天讨有罪", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 38, "id": "g028", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "五刑五用", "headwordSimp": "五刑五用", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "陸希聲引《書》，謂五種刑罰各得其用。", "glossSimp": "陆希声引《书》，谓五种刑罚各得其用。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "五刑五用", "formSimp": "五刑五用", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], 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"齾斤析指", "headwordSimp": "𫜰斤析指", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "陸希聲語，謂不善砍削而傷指。", "glossSimp": "陆希声语，谓不善砍削而伤指。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "齾斤析指", "formSimp": "𫜰斤析指", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 42, "id": "g032", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "無代馬走", "headwordSimp": "无代马走", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "陸希聲引管仲語，謂不代替馬奔跑。", "glossSimp": "陆希声引管仲语，谓不代替马奔跑。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "無代馬走", "formSimp": "无代马走", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 43, "id": "g033", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "天網恢恢", "headwordSimp": "天网恢恢", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "呂惠卿語，謂天道之網廣大。", "glossSimp": "吕惠卿语，谓天道之网广大。", "general": "", "generalSimp": 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"headwordSimp": "嗜杀", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "憨山語，嗜好殺戮。", "glossSimp": "憨山语，嗜好杀戮。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "嗜殺", "formSimp": "嗜杀", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 49, "id": "g039", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "玄德纂疏", "headwordSimp": "玄德纂疏", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "唐道教注疏彙編，存成玄英、唐玄宗、嚴遵、李榮等佚文。", "glossSimp": "唐道教注疏汇编，存成玄英、唐玄宗、严遵、李荣等佚文。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "玄德纂疏", "formSimp": "玄德纂疏", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 50, "id": "g040", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "指歸", "headwordSimp": "指归", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "嚴遵《道德真經指歸》。", "glossSimp": "严遵《道德真经指归》。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "指歸", "formSimp": "指归", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 51, "id": "g041", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "輯文", "headwordSimp": "辑文", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "輯錄佚文。", "glossSimp": "辑录佚文。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "輯文", "formSimp": "辑文", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 52, "id": "g042", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "四部叢刊本", "headwordSimp": "四部丛刊本", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "河上公此章所用底本。", "glossSimp": "河上公此章所用底本。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "四部叢刊本", "formSimp": "四部丛刊本", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 }, { "order": 53, "id": "g043", "noteId": "", "sentenceId": "", "headword": "道藏本", "headwordSimp": "道藏本", "pinyin": "", "gloss": "王弼此章所用底本；此章正文有脱誤，本站從通行本。", "glossSimp": "王弼此章所用底本；此章正文有脱误，本站从通行本。", "general": "", "generalSimp": "", "variants": [], "variantsSimp": [], "refs": [], "refsSimp": [], "forms": [ { "form": "道藏本", "formSimp": "道藏本", "kind": "headword", "count": 0, "sentenceIds": [] } ], "occurrenceSentenceIds": [], "occurrenceCount": 0 } ] }, "relations": { "version": "1.0.0", "note": "第七十四章五句的十二家對照，為德經第三十七章。河上公此章據四部叢刊本《老子道德經》卷下、參《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；王弼據道藏本而正文從通行本；成玄英、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵、李榮據《玄德纂疏》卷十九所引；陸希聲、呂惠卿、蘇轍、吳澄據《道藏》本卷四；憨山、魏源據公開轉錄本。王夫之《老子衍》公開轉錄本止於第六十六章；俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列，故均不列。河上公題「制惑第七十四」；成玄英題「人不畏死章第七十四」；呂惠卿題「民常不畏死章第七十四」；蘇轍題「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陸希聲本無章題；憨山次為七十四章而無章題；吳澄、魏源均以上章與此章合為其第六十一章。全章五句：首句言民不畏死、以死懼之無益；次句言若民畏死、執奇者而殺之則孰敢；第三句言常有司殺者殺；第四句言代司殺者殺如代大匠斲；末句言代斲者希有不傷其手。河上公逐句質釋，以刑罰酷深、民不聊生、嗜欲傷神、貪財殺身釋不畏死，以人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲、除己所殘剋、教民去利欲為教，以司殺者天、司察人過、司殺有常為說，以拙夫代大匠斲木、勞而無功、還自傷手、還受其殃釋代殺；王弼注極簡，以詭異亂群釋奇、以逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾釋司殺；成玄英分章義為四別，以眾生障重、為罪招報、冥司司殺、強代獲咎為說，引佩玉握樞、伊呂平勃、羊祜郭璞證死生有命，疏以染滯深重、奇詐堅執、三官九署、庸拙代匠為說；唐玄宗御注以縱情動死、清靜為化、奇詐天網、好自執殺、傷材自傷為說，御疏申以不能守道、化以無為、司主也、不得天理、動合方圓而拙夫失繩墨；嚴遵以得意安寧、失意圖非、窮困輕死、安寧愛身釋民不畏死，以司殺者大臣、帝王無事、百官各任釋司殺，以代司殺者人君、百官失理釋代殺，以工人拱手、大廈不成、人君專殺、天下失理釋傷手；李榮以物皆愛生、人咸惜死、酷罰不畏死，以奇者詭異亂群、天不長惡故得執殺，以賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代，以天道玄鑒、賞罰著在冥司、頑人難化、司刑有職，以拙夫代巧匠而傷手為說；陸希聲以民為利欲所陷、嚴刑不可以威眾、有罪宜付至當、聖人法天明威以制五刑、主至當之刑謂之司殺，引《書》天討有罪、五刑五用、刑期無刑、惟刑之恤與管仲無代馬走、無代鳥飛為說；呂惠卿以民固常不畏死、無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死，以司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用，以刑戮出於好惡即代司殺者殺、其傷可知為說；蘇轍以政煩刑重、民無所措手足故不畏死，以民安於政、樂生畏死然後執詭異亂群者而殺，以司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺，以非天所殺而吾自殺為代司殺，以代斲傷手、代殺及身為說；吳澄以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死懼之無益，以奇為不正、愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏，以有司殺者在、司殺者天、惟天能殺人、惟大匠能斲木，以代天殺人猶代匠斲木，以代斲手傷譬代殺身害、不有人禍必有天刑為說；憨山以天命可畏、報應昭然、民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈，以天道昭昭、必有以殺之、居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心，以人主代天行殺如代大匠斲、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手、有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手為說；魏源引明太祖讀此語有感、罷極刑而囚役之，以見仁人之言其利溥，並校「常有司殺者」以下六句諸本差異。諸家於「司殺者」或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官，於「奇」或指詭異亂群、或指奇邪為惡，於「代殺」或就刑政言、或就修養言、或就冥司言，取徑不同。", "concepts": [ { "id": "min-bu-wei-si", "name": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "nameTrad": "民不畏死，奈何以死懼之", "question": "民已不畏死，以死懼之為何無益？", "questionTrad": "民已不畏死，以死懼之為何無益？", "intro": "此組聚於首句。河上公以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，兼以嗜欲傷神、貪財殺身喻治身，謂人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，不當設刑法以死懼之。成玄英以凡情染滯深重、貪逐前境、不憚死生，雖經戒嚴明而曾無恐懼，故發奈何之嘆；其章義則以眾生障重不懼威刑為第一別，引佩玉握樞、伊呂平勃、羊祜郭璞證死生有命。唐玄宗御注以縱放情欲、動之死地、習以為常，人君當以清靜化之；御疏申以不能守道清靜、積習生常，當以清靜為化而教導。嚴遵以人之情性得意安寧、失意圖非，窮困輕死、安寧愛身，民心不得、性命不全則號令不動，喻以窮溪之獸不避兕虎。李榮以時逢有道則物皆愛生、人咸惜死，酷罰使人不聊生故不畏死，本由酷罰、宜用在宥、用德忘刑。陸希聲以民為利欲所陷、雖之於死而猶不止，嚴刑酷法不可以威眾。呂惠卿以民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死。蘇轍以政煩刑重、民無所措手足，雖以死懼之無益。吳澄以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止，民愚不知畏死，以死懼之而輕易殺人無益。憨山以天命可畏、報應昭然，愚民為養生口體、貪欲作惡而不畏天威，殺之無益、適足以傷慈。魏源引明太祖讀此語有感、罷極刑而囚役之，見仁人之言其利溥。諸家或就刑政言、或就治身言、或就性命言，皆以「不畏死」為刑罰失其本、教化當先之證。", "introTrad": "此組聚於首句。河上公以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，兼以嗜欲傷神、貪財殺身喻治身，謂人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，不當設刑法以死懼之。成玄英以凡情染滯深重、貪逐前境、不憚死生，雖經戒嚴明而曾無恐懼，故發奈何之嘆；其章義則以眾生障重不懼威刑為第一別，引佩玉握樞、伊呂平勃、羊祜郭璞證死生有命。唐玄宗御注以縱放情欲、動之死地、習以為常，人君當以清靜化之；御疏申以不能守道清靜、積習生常，當以清靜為化而教導。嚴遵以人之情性得意安寧、失意圖非，窮困輕死、安寧愛身，民心不得、性命不全則號令不動，喻以窮溪之獸不避兕虎。李榮以時逢有道則物皆愛生、人咸惜死，酷罰使人不聊生故不畏死，本由酷罰、宜用在宥、用德忘刑。陸希聲以民為利欲所陷、雖之於死而猶不止，嚴刑酷法不可以威眾。呂惠卿以民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死。蘇轍以政煩刑重、民無所措手足，雖以死懼之無益。吳澄以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止，民愚不知畏死，以死懼之而輕易殺人無益。憨山以天命可畏、報應昭然，愚民為養生口體、貪欲作惡而不畏天威，殺之無益、適足以傷慈。魏源引明太祖讀此語有感、罷極刑而囚役之，見仁人之言其利溥。諸家或就刑政言、或就治身言、或就性命言，皆以「不畏死」為刑罰失其本、教化當先之證。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死；人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲。", "thesisTrad": "刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死；人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲。", "noteIds": [ "c001", "c002" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死；人君当宽刑罚、教民去情欲。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "凡情染滯、貪逐前境、不憚死生，故發奈何之嘆。", "thesisTrad": "凡情染滯、貪逐前境、不憚死生，故發奈何之嘆。", "noteIds": [ "c010", "c011", "c012" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "凡情染滞、贪逐前境、不惮死生，故发奈何之叹。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "縱情動死、習以為常；人君當以清靜化之，不立刑法。", "thesisTrad": "縱情動死、習以為常；人君當以清靜化之，不立刑法。", "noteIds": [ "c017", "c022" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "纵情动死、习以为常；人君当以清静化之，不立刑法。" }, "yanzun": { "workType": "輯文", "workTypeTrad": "輯文", "thesis": "窮困輕死、安寧愛身；民心不得、性命不全則號令不動。", "thesisTrad": "窮困輕死、安寧愛身；民心不得、性命不全則號令不動。", "noteIds": [ "c027" ], "workTypeSimp": "辑文", "thesisSimp": "穷困轻死、安宁爱身；民心不得、性命不全则号令不动。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "物皆愛生、人咸惜死；酷罰使人不聊生故不畏死。", "thesisTrad": "物皆愛生、人咸惜死；酷罰使人不聊生故不畏死。", "noteIds": [ "c031", "c032" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "物皆爱生、人咸惜死；酷罚使人不聊生故不畏死。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "民為利欲所陷、雖死不止；嚴刑酷法不可以威眾。", "thesisTrad": "民為利欲所陷、雖死不止；嚴刑酷法不可以威眾。", "noteIds": [ "c037" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "民为利欲所陷、虽死不止；严刑酷法不可以威众。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "民固常不畏死；唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死。", "thesisTrad": "民固常不畏死；唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死。", "noteIds": [ "c038" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "民固常不畏死；唯无狭其所居、无厌其所生则可使畏威重死。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "政煩刑重、民無所措手足，雖以死懼之無益。", "thesisTrad": "政煩刑重、民無所措手足，雖以死懼之無益。", "noteIds": [ "c039" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "政烦刑重、民无所措手足，虽以死惧之无益。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "雖殺惡人而為惡者不止，以死懼之而輕易殺人無益。", "thesisTrad": "雖殺惡人而為惡者不止，以死懼之而輕易殺人無益。", "noteIds": [ "c044" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "虽杀恶人而为恶者不止，以死惧之而轻易杀人无益。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "天命可畏、報應昭然；民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈。", "thesisTrad": "天命可畏、報應昭然；民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈。", "noteIds": [ "c049" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "天命可畏、报应昭然；民不畏死则杀之无益、适足以伤慈。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "明太祖讀此語有感而罷極刑，仁人之言其利溥。", "thesisTrad": "明太祖讀此語有感而罷極刑，仁人之言其利溥。", "noteIds": [ "c051" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "明太祖读此语有感而罢极刑，仁人之言其利溥。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c001", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死。", "textTrad": "河上公以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死。" }, { "noteId": "c002", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "河上公以人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，不當以死懼之。", "textTrad": "河上公以人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，不當以死懼之。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "河上公以人君当宽刑罚、教民去情欲，不当以死惧之。" }, { "noteId": "c012", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以凡情染滯、不憚死生，故發奈何之嘆。", "textTrad": "成玄英以凡情染滯、不憚死生，故發奈何之嘆。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以凡情染滞、不惮死生，故发奈何之叹。" }, { "noteId": "c017", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以縱情動死、習以為常，當以清靜化之。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以縱情動死、習以為常，當以清靜化之。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以纵情动死、习以为常，当以清静化之。" }, { "noteId": "c022", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以不能守道清靜、積習生常，當以清靜為化教導。", "textTrad": "御疏以不能守道清靜、積習生常，當以清靜為化教導。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以不能守道清静、积习生常，当以清静为化教导。" }, { "noteId": "c027", "relation": "輯文", "relationTrad": "輯文", "text": "嚴遵以窮困輕死、安寧愛身，民心不得則號令不動。", "textTrad": "嚴遵以窮困輕死、安寧愛身，民心不得則號令不動。", "relationSimp": "辑文", "textSimp": "严遵以穷困轻死、安宁爱身，民心不得则号令不动。" }, { "noteId": "c031", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以物皆愛生、人咸惜死，酷罰使人不畏死。", "textTrad": "李榮以物皆愛生、人咸惜死，酷罰使人不畏死。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以物皆爱生、人咸惜死，酷罚使人不畏死。" }, { "noteId": "c037", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以民為利欲所陷、嚴刑不可以威眾。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以民為利欲所陷、嚴刑不可以威眾。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以民为利欲所陷、严刑不可以威众。" }, { "noteId": "c038", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生可使重死。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生可使重死。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以民固常不畏死，唯无狭其所居、无厌其所生可使重死。" }, { "noteId": "c039", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以政煩刑重、民無所措手足，以死懼之無益。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以政煩刑重、民無所措手足，以死懼之無益。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以政烦刑重、民无所措手足，以死惧之无益。" }, { "noteId": "c044", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止，以死懼之無益。", "textTrad": "吳澄以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止，以死懼之無益。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以虽杀恶人而为恶者不止，以死惧之无益。" }, { "noteId": "c049", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈。", "textTrad": "憨山以民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以民不畏死则杀之无益、适足以伤慈。" }, { "noteId": "c051", "relation": "本義", "relationTrad": "本義", "text": "魏源引明太祖讀此語有感、罷極刑而囚役之。", "textTrad": "魏源引明太祖讀此語有感、罷極刑而囚役之。", "relationSimp": "本义", "textSimp": "魏源引明太祖读此语有感、罢极刑而囚役之。" } ], "nameSimp": "民不畏死，奈何以死惧之", "questionSimp": "民已不畏死，以死惧之为何无益？", "introSimp": "此组聚于首句。河上公以刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，兼以嗜欲伤神、贪财杀身喻治身，谓人君当宽刑罚、教民去情欲，不当设刑法以死惧之。成玄英以凡情染滞深重、贪逐前境、不惮死生，虽经戒严明而曾无恐惧，故发奈何之叹；其章义则以众生障重不惧威刑为第一别，引佩玉握枢、伊吕平勃、羊祜郭璞证死生有命。唐玄宗御注以纵放情欲、动之死地、习以为常，人君当以清静化之；御疏申以不能守道清静、积习生常，当以清静为化而教导。严遵以人之情性得意安宁、失意图非，穷困轻死、安宁爱身，民心不得、性命不全则号令不动，喻以穷溪之兽不避兕虎。李荣以时逢有道则物皆爱生、人咸惜死，酷罚使人不聊生故不畏死，本由酷罚、宜用在宥、用德忘刑。陆希声以民为利欲所陷、虽之于死而犹不止，严刑酷法不可以威众。吕惠卿以民固常不畏死，唯无狭其所居、无厌其所生则可使畏威重死。苏辙以政烦刑重、民无所措手足，虽以死惧之无益。吴澄以虽杀恶人而为恶者不止，民愚不知畏死，以死惧之而轻易杀人无益。憨山以天命可畏、报应昭然，愚民为养生口体、贪欲作恶而不畏天威，杀之无益、适足以伤慈。魏源引明太祖读此语有感、罢极刑而囚役之，见仁人之言其利溥。诸家或就刑政言、或就治身言、或就性命言，皆以「不畏死」为刑罚失其本、教化当先之证。" }, { "id": "zhi-er-sha-zhi", "name": "若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢", "nameTrad": "若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢", "question": "民若畏死，執奇者而殺之，是否足以止惡？", "questionTrad": "民若畏死，執奇者而殺之，是否足以止惡？", "intro": "此組聚於次句。河上公以當除己所殘剋、教民去利欲，若民從化則奇巧者應王法而執殺，誰敢有犯；又傷時王不先道德化之而先刑罰。王弼僅以「詭異亂群謂之奇」釋奇，不涉刑殺之效。成玄英以貪欲日生、奇詐堅執、顛倒為常，冥司捕獲、風刀考楚，若有性識者誰復敢造罪。唐玄宗御注以化以清靜、人皆少欲，獨奇詐者勢得執殺而孰敢即殺；御疏申以化以無為、各全其生，奇詐者適令執殺，而所以不殺者為自有天網司殺。李榮以奇者詭異亂群，強梁亂群之人為罪彌奇，天不長惡故得執殺。陸希聲以若民常懼死，得奇邪者殺戮則誰敢更為奇；然今雖殺之而為者不已，正見民不畏死。呂惠卿以若民常畏死，執奇者而殺之則孰敢不畏死而為奇；然執之不勝、殺之不止，則知民不畏死而不可以死懼。蘇轍以民安於政、樂生畏死，然後執詭異亂群者而殺之則孰敢不服。吳澄以奇為不正，愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏，然殺之而為惡者不止，則知以死懼之無益。憨山以民果有畏死之心，執一人而殺之足以禁天下之暴；然民既不畏死，則殺之無益。魏源引明太祖讀「民不畏死，奈何以死懼之」而有感，罷極刑而囚役之。諸家皆以「民是否真畏死」為前提：真畏死則執殺可以止惡，不真畏死則刑殺徒傷慈。", "introTrad": "此組聚於次句。河上公以當除己所殘剋、教民去利欲，若民從化則奇巧者應王法而執殺，誰敢有犯；又傷時王不先道德化之而先刑罰。王弼僅以「詭異亂群謂之奇」釋奇，不涉刑殺之效。成玄英以貪欲日生、奇詐堅執、顛倒為常，冥司捕獲、風刀考楚，若有性識者誰復敢造罪。唐玄宗御注以化以清靜、人皆少欲，獨奇詐者勢得執殺而孰敢即殺；御疏申以化以無為、各全其生，奇詐者適令執殺，而所以不殺者為自有天網司殺。李榮以奇者詭異亂群，強梁亂群之人為罪彌奇，天不長惡故得執殺。陸希聲以若民常懼死，得奇邪者殺戮則誰敢更為奇；然今雖殺之而為者不已，正見民不畏死。呂惠卿以若民常畏死，執奇者而殺之則孰敢不畏死而為奇；然執之不勝、殺之不止，則知民不畏死而不可以死懼。蘇轍以民安於政、樂生畏死，然後執詭異亂群者而殺之則孰敢不服。吳澄以奇為不正，愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏，然殺之而為惡者不止，則知以死懼之無益。憨山以民果有畏死之心，執一人而殺之足以禁天下之暴；然民既不畏死，則殺之無益。魏源引明太祖讀「民不畏死，奈何以死懼之」而有感，罷極刑而囚役之。諸家皆以「民是否真畏死」為前提：真畏死則執殺可以止惡，不真畏死則刑殺徒傷慈。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "除己所殘剋、教民去利欲，奇巧者應王法執殺，誰敢有犯。", "thesisTrad": "除己所殘剋、教民去利欲，奇巧者應王法執殺，誰敢有犯。", "noteIds": [ "c003", "c004" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "除己所残克、教民去利欲，奇巧者应王法执杀，谁敢有犯。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "詭異亂群謂之奇。", "thesisTrad": "詭異亂群謂之奇。", "noteIds": [ "c008" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "诡异乱群谓之奇。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "奇詐堅執、顛倒為常，冥司捕獲、風刀考楚，誰復敢造罪。", "thesisTrad": "奇詐堅執、顛倒為常，冥司捕獲、風刀考楚，誰復敢造罪。", "noteIds": [ "c013" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "奇诈坚执、颠倒为常，冥司捕获、风刀考楚，谁复敢造罪。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "化以清靜、人皆少欲，獨奇詐者勢得執殺而孰敢。", "thesisTrad": "化以清靜、人皆少欲，獨奇詐者勢得執殺而孰敢。", "noteIds": [ "c018", "c023" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "化以清静、人皆少欲，独奇诈者势得执杀而孰敢。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "奇者詭異亂群，強梁亂群之人天不長惡故得執殺。", "thesisTrad": "奇者詭異亂群，強梁亂群之人天不長惡故得執殺。", "noteIds": [ "c033" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "奇者诡异乱群，强梁乱群之人天不长恶故得执杀。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "若民常懼死，得奇邪者殺戮則誰敢更為奇；今殺之不已，見民不畏死。", "thesisTrad": "若民常懼死，得奇邪者殺戮則誰敢更為奇；今殺之不已，見民不畏死。", "noteIds": [ "c037" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "若民常惧死，得奇邪者杀戮则谁敢更为奇；今杀之不已，见民不畏死。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "執奇者而殺之則孰敢為奇；然執之不勝、殺之不止，民不可死懼。", "thesisTrad": "執奇者而殺之則孰敢為奇；然執之不勝、殺之不止，民不可死懼。", "noteIds": [ "c038" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "执奇者而杀之则孰敢为奇；然执之不胜、杀之不止，民不可死惧。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "民安於政、樂生畏死，執詭異亂群者而殺之則孰敢不服。", "thesisTrad": "民安於政、樂生畏死，執詭異亂群者而殺之則孰敢不服。", "noteIds": [ "c040" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "民安于政、乐生畏死，执诡异乱群者而杀之则孰敢不服。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "奇為不正；愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏。", "thesisTrad": "奇為不正；愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏。", "noteIds": [ "c045" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "奇为不正；愚民有畏死之心则执杀而人知畏。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "民果有畏死之心，執一人而殺之足以禁天下之暴。", "thesisTrad": "民果有畏死之心，執一人而殺之足以禁天下之暴。", "noteIds": [ "c049" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "民果有畏死之心，执一人而杀之足以禁天下之暴。" }, "weiyuan": { "workType": "本義", "workTypeTrad": "本義", "thesis": "明太祖讀此語有感而罷極刑，仁人之言其利溥。", "thesisTrad": "明太祖讀此語有感而罷極刑，仁人之言其利溥。", "noteIds": [ "c051" ], "workTypeSimp": "本义", "thesisSimp": "明太祖读此语有感而罢极刑，仁人之言其利溥。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c004", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以奇巧者應王法執殺，誰敢有犯。", "textTrad": "河上公以奇巧者應王法執殺，誰敢有犯。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以奇巧者应王法执杀，谁敢有犯。" }, { "noteId": "c008", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以詭異亂群釋奇。", "textTrad": "王弼以詭異亂群釋奇。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以诡异乱群释奇。" }, { "noteId": "c013", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以奇詐堅執、冥司捕獲釋執殺。", "textTrad": "成玄英以奇詐堅執、冥司捕獲釋執殺。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以奇诈坚执、冥司捕获释执杀。" }, { "noteId": "c018", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以清靜之化、獨奇詐者執殺而孰敢。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以清靜之化、獨奇詐者執殺而孰敢。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以清静之化、独奇诈者执杀而孰敢。" }, { "noteId": "c023", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以化以無為、奇詐者執殺、不殺者自有天網。", "textTrad": "御疏以化以無為、奇詐者執殺、不殺者自有天網。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以化以无为、奇诈者执杀、不杀者自有天网。" }, { "noteId": "c033", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以奇者詭異亂群、天不長惡故得執殺。", "textTrad": "李榮以奇者詭異亂群、天不長惡故得執殺。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以奇者诡异乱群、天不长恶故得执杀。" }, { "noteId": "c037", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以殺奇邪而為者不已，見民不畏死。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以殺奇邪而為者不已，見民不畏死。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以杀奇邪而为者不已，见民不畏死。" }, { "noteId": "c038", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以執之不勝、殺之不止，民不可以死懼。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以執之不勝、殺之不止，民不可以死懼。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以执之不胜、杀之不止，民不可以死惧。" }, { "noteId": "c040", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以民樂生畏死，執詭異亂群者而殺之則孰敢不服。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以民樂生畏死，執詭異亂群者而殺之則孰敢不服。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以民乐生畏死，执诡异乱群者而杀之则孰敢不服。" }, { "noteId": "c045", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以奇為不正、愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏。", "textTrad": "吳澄以奇為不正、愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以奇为不正、愚民有畏死之心则执杀而人知畏。" }, { "noteId": "c049", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以民果畏死，執一人而殺之足以禁暴。", "textTrad": "憨山以民果畏死，執一人而殺之足以禁暴。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以民果畏死，执一人而杀之足以禁暴。" }, { "noteId": "c051", "relation": "本義", "relationTrad": "本義", "text": "魏源引明太祖讀此語有感而罷極刑。", "textTrad": "魏源引明太祖讀此語有感而罷極刑。", "relationSimp": "本义", "textSimp": "魏源引明太祖读此语有感而罢极刑。" } ], "nameSimp": "若使民常畏死，而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢", "questionSimp": "民若畏死，执奇者而杀之，是否足以止恶？", "introSimp": "此组聚于次句。河上公以当除己所残克、教民去利欲，若民从化则奇巧者应王法而执杀，谁敢有犯；又伤时王不先道德化之而先刑罚。王弼仅以「诡异乱群谓之奇」释奇，不涉刑杀之效。成玄英以贪欲日生、奇诈坚执、颠倒为常，冥司捕获、风刀考楚，若有性识者谁复敢造罪。唐玄宗御注以化以清静、人皆少欲，独奇诈者势得执杀而孰敢即杀；御疏申以化以无为、各全其生，奇诈者适令执杀，而所以不杀者为自有天网司杀。李荣以奇者诡异乱群，强梁乱群之人为罪弥奇，天不长恶故得执杀。陆希声以若民常惧死，得奇邪者杀戮则谁敢更为奇；然今虽杀之而为者不已，正见民不畏死。吕惠卿以若民常畏死，执奇者而杀之则孰敢不畏死而为奇；然执之不胜、杀之不止，则知民不畏死而不可以死惧。苏辙以民安于政、乐生畏死，然后执诡异乱群者而杀之则孰敢不服。吴澄以奇为不正，愚民有畏死之心则执杀而人知畏，然杀之而为恶者不止，则知以死惧之无益。憨山以民果有畏死之心，执一人而杀之足以禁天下之暴；然民既不畏死，则杀之无益。魏源引明太祖读「民不畏死，奈何以死惧之」而有感，罢极刑而囚役之。诸家皆以「民是否真畏死」为前提：真畏死则执杀可以止恶，不真畏死则刑杀徒伤慈。" }, { "id": "chang-you-si-sha", "name": "常有司殺者殺", "nameTrad": "常有司殺者殺", "question": "「司殺者」指誰？生殺之權為何不可擅代？", "questionTrad": "「司殺者」指誰？生殺之權為何不可擅代？", "intro": "此組聚於第三句。河上公以司殺者為天，居高臨下、司察人過，天網恢恢、疏而不失。王弼注極簡，以逆順者之所惡忿、不仁者人之所疾釋「常有司殺」。成玄英以此刑網自有宰牧，即三官九署、百二十曹及羅酆泉曲之府，八難五苦各有司存，將司殺歸於冥司。唐玄宗御注以奇詐之人天網不失、常有天司殺者殺之，並以人君用勢執殺為代司殺；御疏以司為主、天鑒孔明、奇詐不得其死為說。嚴遵以司殺者為大臣，帝王無事無為、前後左右各有所任，作禍者身死、竊威者宗亡，百官趨職而主不與。李榮以司為主，賞罰之理是常、生殺之官有主，不可擅代。陸希聲以聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者，引《書》天討有罪、五刑五用。呂惠卿以司殺者天，天網恢恢、疏而不失、天討有罪、五刑五用，刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即為代殺。蘇轍以司殺者天，天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺而非我殺。吳澄以有司殺者在、司殺者天、惟天能殺人、惟大匠能斲木。憨山以居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心，天道昭昭、必有以殺之。諸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官、或指冥司，皆以生殺有主、不可任情擅代為通義。", "introTrad": "此組聚於第三句。河上公以司殺者為天，居高臨下、司察人過，天網恢恢、疏而不失。王弼注極簡，以逆順者之所惡忿、不仁者人之所疾釋「常有司殺」。成玄英以此刑網自有宰牧，即三官九署、百二十曹及羅酆泉曲之府，八難五苦各有司存，將司殺歸於冥司。唐玄宗御注以奇詐之人天網不失、常有天司殺者殺之，並以人君用勢執殺為代司殺；御疏以司為主、天鑒孔明、奇詐不得其死為說。嚴遵以司殺者為大臣，帝王無事無為、前後左右各有所任，作禍者身死、竊威者宗亡，百官趨職而主不與。李榮以司為主，賞罰之理是常、生殺之官有主，不可擅代。陸希聲以聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者，引《書》天討有罪、五刑五用。呂惠卿以司殺者天，天網恢恢、疏而不失、天討有罪、五刑五用，刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即為代殺。蘇轍以司殺者天，天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺而非我殺。吳澄以有司殺者在、司殺者天、惟天能殺人、惟大匠能斲木。憨山以居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心，天道昭昭、必有以殺之。諸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官、或指冥司，皆以生殺有主、不可任情擅代為通義。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "司殺者天，居高臨下、司察人過，天網恢恢、疏而不失。", "thesisTrad": "司殺者天，居高臨下、司察人過，天網恢恢、疏而不失。", "noteIds": [ "c005" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "司杀者天，居高临下、司察人过，天网恢恢、疏而不失。" }, "wangbi": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾，故曰常有司殺。", "thesisTrad": "逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾，故曰常有司殺。", "noteIds": [ "c009" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "逆顺者所恶忿、不仁者人所疾，故曰常有司杀。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "刑網自有宰牧，三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存。", "thesisTrad": "刑網自有宰牧，三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存。", "noteIds": [ "c014" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "刑网自有宰牧，三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "奇詐之人天網不失，常有天司殺者殺之。", "thesisTrad": "奇詐之人天網不失，常有天司殺者殺之。", "noteIds": [ "c019", "c024" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "奇诈之人天网不失，常有天司杀者杀之。" }, "yanzun": { "workType": "輯文", "workTypeTrad": "輯文", "thesis": "司殺者大臣；帝王無事無為，百官各任而主不與。", "thesisTrad": "司殺者大臣；帝王無事無為，百官各任而主不與。", "noteIds": [ "c028" ], "workTypeSimp": "辑文", "thesisSimp": "司杀者大臣；帝王无事无为，百官各任而主不与。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "賞罰之理是常，生殺之官有主，不可擅代。", "thesisTrad": "賞罰之理是常，生殺之官有主，不可擅代。", "noteIds": [ "c034" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "赏罚之理是常，生杀之官有主，不可擅代。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者。", "thesisTrad": "聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者。", "noteIds": [ "c037" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "圣人法天明威以制五刑，主至当之刑谓之司杀者。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "司殺者天；天討有罪、五刑五用，刑戮出於好惡即代殺。", "thesisTrad": "司殺者天；天討有罪、五刑五用，刑戮出於好惡即代殺。", "noteIds": [ "c038" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "司杀者天；天讨有罪、五刑五用，刑戮出于好恶即代杀。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "司殺者天；天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺而非我殺。", "thesisTrad": "司殺者天；天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺而非我殺。", "noteIds": [ "c041" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "司杀者天；天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀而非我杀。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "有司殺者在，司殺者天，惟天能殺人。", "thesisTrad": "有司殺者在，司殺者天，惟天能殺人。", "noteIds": [ "c046" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "有司杀者在，司杀者天，惟天能杀人。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心；天道昭昭、必有以殺之。", "thesisTrad": "居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心；天道昭昭、必有以殺之。", "noteIds": [ "c050" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心；天道昭昭、必有以杀之。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c005", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以司殺者天、司察人過、天網不失。", "textTrad": "河上公以司殺者天、司察人過、天網不失。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以司杀者天、司察人过、天网不失。" }, { "noteId": "c009", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "王弼以逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾釋司殺。", "textTrad": "王弼以逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾釋司殺。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "王弼以逆顺者所恶忿、不仁者人所疾释司杀。" }, { "noteId": "c014", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存釋司殺。", "textTrad": "成玄英以三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存釋司殺。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存释司杀。" }, { "noteId": "c019", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以奇詐之人天網不失、天司殺之。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以奇詐之人天網不失、天司殺之。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以奇诈之人天网不失、天司杀之。" }, { "noteId": "c028", "relation": "輯文", "relationTrad": "輯文", "text": "嚴遵以司殺者大臣、帝王無事、百官各任。", "textTrad": "嚴遵以司殺者大臣、帝王無事、百官各任。", "relationSimp": "辑文", "textSimp": "严遵以司杀者大臣、帝王无事、百官各任。" }, { "noteId": "c034", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代。", "textTrad": "李榮以賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以赏罚有主、生杀之官不可擅代。" }, { "noteId": "c037", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以主至當之刑謂之司殺者。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以主至當之刑謂之司殺者。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以主至当之刑谓之司杀者。" }, { "noteId": "c038", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以司杀者天、天讨有罪、五刑五用。" }, { "noteId": "c041", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以司杀者天、天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀。" }, { "noteId": "c046", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以有司殺者在、惟天能殺人。", "textTrad": "吳澄以有司殺者在、惟天能殺人。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以有司杀者在、惟天能杀人。" }, { "noteId": "c050", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心。", "textTrad": "憨山以居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心。" } ], "nameSimp": "常有司杀者杀", "questionSimp": "「司杀者」指谁？生杀之权为何不可擅代？", "introSimp": "此组聚于第三句。河上公以司杀者为天，居高临下、司察人过，天网恢恢、疏而不失。王弼注极简，以逆顺者之所恶忿、不仁者人之所疾释「常有司杀」。成玄英以此刑网自有宰牧，即三官九署、百二十曹及罗酆泉曲之府，八难五苦各有司存，将司杀归于冥司。唐玄宗御注以奇诈之人天网不失、常有天司杀者杀之，并以人君用势执杀为代司杀；御疏以司为主、天鉴孔明、奇诈不得其死为说。严遵以司杀者为大臣，帝王无事无为、前后左右各有所任，作祸者身死、窃威者宗亡，百官趋职而主不与。李荣以司为主，赏罚之理是常、生杀之官有主，不可擅代。陆希声以圣人法天明威以制五刑，主至当之刑谓之司杀者，引《书》天讨有罪、五刑五用。吕惠卿以司杀者天，天网恢恢、疏而不失、天讨有罪、五刑五用，刑戮出于好恶而不用于天讨即为代杀。苏辙以司杀者天，天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀而非我杀。吴澄以有司杀者在、司杀者天、惟天能杀人、惟大匠能斲木。憨山以居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心，天道昭昭、必有以杀之。诸家或指天、或指大臣、或指刑官、或指冥司，皆以生杀有主、不可任情擅代为通义。" }, { "id": "dai-da-jiang-zhuo", "name": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "nameTrad": "夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣", "question": "代司殺者殺，為何必傷其手？", "questionTrad": "代司殺者殺，為何必傷其手？", "intro": "此組聚於末二句。河上公以天道至明、司殺有常，人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木，勞而無功；行刑罰則方圓不得其理、還自傷，代天殺者失紀綱、還受其殃。成玄英以眾生造業各招其報、刑辟苦楚自有冥司，無識之人強代冥司行誅戮，如庸拙之士代匠運斲，所作不成、反傷其手，非徒濫職、翻獲其釁。唐玄宗御注以人君好自執殺必不得天理，如拙夫代斲；御疏以大匠動合方圓、拙夫必失繩墨，人君任刑代司殺則害人喪天和。嚴遵以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡，人主自斲則工人拱手，人君自殺則百官失宜；工人拱手則大廈不成，人君專殺則天下失理。李榮以天道玄鑒、賞善罰惡著在冥司，時政代以人功亦失於道；頑人難化、奸黠難防，當有司刑之職、主殺之官，擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。陸希聲以世主任情專殺為代大匠斲樸，不善斲而代人必齾斤析指、功用不就，引管仲無代馬走、無代鳥飛。呂惠卿以刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即代司殺者殺，如代大匠斲，其傷可知。蘇轍以非天所殺而吾自殺為代司殺，代大匠斲則傷手、代司殺者殺則及身。吳澄以代天殺人猶代匠斲木，代斲者手必多傷、代殺者身必多害，不有人禍必有天刑。憨山以人主代天行殺、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手，然有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。諸家皆以「代」為僭越天職，故其禍必反於身。", "introTrad": "此組聚於末二句。河上公以天道至明、司殺有常，人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木，勞而無功；行刑罰則方圓不得其理、還自傷，代天殺者失紀綱、還受其殃。成玄英以眾生造業各招其報、刑辟苦楚自有冥司，無識之人強代冥司行誅戮，如庸拙之士代匠運斲，所作不成、反傷其手，非徒濫職、翻獲其釁。唐玄宗御注以人君好自執殺必不得天理，如拙夫代斲；御疏以大匠動合方圓、拙夫必失繩墨，人君任刑代司殺則害人喪天和。嚴遵以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡，人主自斲則工人拱手，人君自殺則百官失宜；工人拱手則大廈不成，人君專殺則天下失理。李榮以天道玄鑒、賞善罰惡著在冥司，時政代以人功亦失於道；頑人難化、奸黠難防，當有司刑之職、主殺之官，擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。陸希聲以世主任情專殺為代大匠斲樸，不善斲而代人必齾斤析指、功用不就，引管仲無代馬走、無代鳥飛。呂惠卿以刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即代司殺者殺，如代大匠斲，其傷可知。蘇轍以非天所殺而吾自殺為代司殺，代大匠斲則傷手、代司殺者殺則及身。吳澄以代天殺人猶代匠斲木，代斲者手必多傷、代殺者身必多害，不有人禍必有天刑。憨山以人主代天行殺、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手，然有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。諸家皆以「代」為僭越天職，故其禍必反於身。", "positions": { "heshanggong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木，勞而無功，還自傷、還受其殃。", "thesisTrad": "人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木，勞而無功，還自傷、還受其殃。", "noteIds": [ "c006", "c007" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "人君代杀如拙夫代大匠斲木，劳而无功，还自伤、还受其殃。" }, "chengxuanying": { "workType": "疏", "workTypeTrad": "疏", "thesis": "強代冥司行誅戮如庸拙代匠，所作不成、反傷其手。", "thesisTrad": "強代冥司行誅戮如庸拙代匠，所作不成、反傷其手。", "noteIds": [ "c015", "c016" ], "workTypeSimp": "疏", "thesisSimp": "强代冥司行诛戮如庸拙代匠，所作不成、反伤其手。" }, "tangxuanzong": { "workType": "御注", "workTypeTrad": "御注", "thesis": "人君好自執殺必不得天理，如拙夫代斲；傷材自傷、害人喪天和。", "thesisTrad": "人君好自執殺必不得天理，如拙夫代斲；傷材自傷、害人喪天和。", "noteIds": [ "c020", "c021", "c025", "c026" ], "workTypeSimp": "御注", "thesisSimp": "人君好自执杀必不得天理，如拙夫代斲；伤材自伤、害人丧天和。" }, "yanzun": { "workType": "輯文", "workTypeTrad": "輯文", "thesis": "代司殺者人君，百官失理、政事亡；人君專殺則天下失理。", "thesisTrad": "代司殺者人君，百官失理、政事亡；人君專殺則天下失理。", "noteIds": [ "c029", "c030" ], "workTypeSimp": "辑文", "thesisSimp": "代司杀者人君，百官失理、政事亡；人君专杀则天下失理。" }, "lirong": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "時政代以人功失道；擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。", "thesisTrad": "時政代以人功失道；擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。", "noteIds": [ "c035", "c036" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "时政代以人功失道；擅杀者如拙夫代巧匠而伤手。" }, "luxisheng": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "世主任情專殺為代大匠斲樸，必齾斤析指、功用不就。", "thesisTrad": "世主任情專殺為代大匠斲樸，必齾斤析指、功用不就。", "noteIds": [ "c037" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "世主任情专杀为代大匠斲朴，必𫜰斤析指、功用不就。" }, "lvhuiqing": { "workType": "傳", "workTypeTrad": "傳", "thesis": "刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即代司殺，其傷可知。", "thesisTrad": "刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即代司殺，其傷可知。", "noteIds": [ "c038" ], "workTypeSimp": "传", "thesisSimp": "刑戮出于好恶而不用于天讨即代司杀，其伤可知。" }, "suzhe": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "代大匠斲則傷手，代司殺者殺則及身。", "thesisTrad": "代大匠斲則傷手，代司殺者殺則及身。", "noteIds": [ "c042", "c043" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "代大匠斲则伤手，代司杀者杀则及身。" }, "wucheng": { "workType": "注", "workTypeTrad": "注", "thesis": "代天殺人猶代匠斲木；代殺者身必多害，不有人禍必有天刑。", "thesisTrad": "代天殺人猶代匠斲木；代殺者身必多害，不有人禍必有天刑。", "noteIds": [ "c047", "c048" ], "workTypeSimp": "注", "thesisSimp": "代天杀人犹代匠斲木；代杀者身必多害，不有人祸必有天刑。" }, "hanshan": { "workType": "解", "workTypeTrad": "解", "thesis": "人主代天行殺如代大匠斲；有心之殺乃嗜殺，反取其殃而自傷其手。", "thesisTrad": "人主代天行殺如代大匠斲；有心之殺乃嗜殺，反取其殃而自傷其手。", "noteIds": [ "c050" ], "workTypeSimp": "解", "thesisSimp": "人主代天行杀如代大匠斲；有心之杀乃嗜杀，反取其殃而自伤其手。" } }, "chain": [ { "noteId": "c006", "relation": "立論", "relationTrad": "立論", "text": "河上公以人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木、勞而無功。", "textTrad": "河上公以人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木、勞而無功。", "relationSimp": "立论", "textSimp": "河上公以人君代杀如拙夫代大匠斲木、劳而无功。" }, { "noteId": "c007", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "河上公以代天殺者失紀綱、還自傷、還受其殃。", "textTrad": "河上公以代天殺者失紀綱、還自傷、還受其殃。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "河上公以代天杀者失纪纲、还自伤、还受其殃。" }, { "noteId": "c015", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以強代冥司行誅戮如庸拙代匠。", "textTrad": "成玄英以強代冥司行誅戮如庸拙代匠。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以强代冥司行诛戮如庸拙代匠。" }, { "noteId": "c016", "relation": "疏", "relationTrad": "疏", "text": "成玄英以拙士運斲、所作不成、反傷其手。", "textTrad": "成玄英以拙士運斲、所作不成、反傷其手。", "relationSimp": "疏", "textSimp": "成玄英以拙士运斲、所作不成、反伤其手。" }, { "noteId": "c020", "relation": "御注", "relationTrad": "御注", "text": "唐玄宗以人君好自執殺、必不得天理。", "textTrad": "唐玄宗以人君好自執殺、必不得天理。", "relationSimp": "御注", "textSimp": "唐玄宗以人君好自执杀、必不得天理。" }, { "noteId": "c026", "relation": "御疏", "relationTrad": "御疏", "text": "御疏以大匠動合方圓、拙夫失繩墨，害人喪天和。", "textTrad": "御疏以大匠動合方圓、拙夫失繩墨，害人喪天和。", "relationSimp": "御疏", "textSimp": "御疏以大匠动合方圆、拙夫失绳墨，害人丧天和。" }, { "noteId": "c029", "relation": "輯文", "relationTrad": "輯文", "text": "嚴遵以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡。", "textTrad": "嚴遵以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡。", "relationSimp": "辑文", "textSimp": "严遵以代司杀者人君、百官失理、政事亡。" }, { "noteId": "c030", "relation": "輯文", "relationTrad": "輯文", "text": "嚴遵以工人拱手則大廈不成、人君專殺則天下失理。", "textTrad": "嚴遵以工人拱手則大廈不成、人君專殺則天下失理。", "relationSimp": "辑文", "textSimp": "严遵以工人拱手则大厦不成、人君专杀则天下失理。" }, { "noteId": "c035", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以時政代以人功、失之於道。", "textTrad": "李榮以時政代以人功、失之於道。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以时政代以人功、失之于道。" }, { "noteId": "c036", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "李榮以擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠、必有傷手之憂。", "textTrad": "李榮以擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠、必有傷手之憂。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "李荣以擅杀者如拙夫代巧匠、必有伤手之忧。" }, { "noteId": "c037", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "陸希聲以世主任情專殺為代大匠斲樸、齾斤析指。", "textTrad": "陸希聲以世主任情專殺為代大匠斲樸、齾斤析指。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "陆希声以世主任情专杀为代大匠斲朴、𫜰斤析指。" }, { "noteId": "c038", "relation": "傳", "relationTrad": "傳", "text": "呂惠卿以刑戮出於好惡即代司殺、其傷可知。", "textTrad": "呂惠卿以刑戮出於好惡即代司殺、其傷可知。", "relationSimp": "传", "textSimp": "吕惠卿以刑戮出于好恶即代司杀、其伤可知。" }, { "noteId": "c043", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "蘇轍以代大匠斲則傷手、代司殺者殺則及身。", "textTrad": "蘇轍以代大匠斲則傷手、代司殺者殺則及身。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "苏辙以代大匠斲则伤手、代司杀者杀则及身。" }, { "noteId": "c048", "relation": "注", "relationTrad": "注", "text": "吳澄以代殺者身必多害、不有人禍必有天刑。", "textTrad": "吳澄以代殺者身必多害、不有人禍必有天刑。", "relationSimp": "注", "textSimp": "吴澄以代杀者身必多害、不有人祸必有天刑。" }, { "noteId": "c050", "relation": "解", "relationTrad": "解", "text": "憨山以有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。", "textTrad": "憨山以有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。", "relationSimp": "解", "textSimp": "憨山以有心之杀乃嗜杀、反取其殃而自伤其手。" } ], "nameSimp": "夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣", "questionSimp": "代司杀者杀，为何必伤其手？", "introSimp": "此组聚于末二句。河上公以天道至明、司杀有常，人君代杀如拙夫代大匠斲木，劳而无功；行刑罚则方圆不得其理、还自伤，代天杀者失纪纲、还受其殃。成玄英以众生造业各招其报、刑辟苦楚自有冥司，无识之人强代冥司行诛戮，如庸拙之士代匠运斲，所作不成、反伤其手，非徒滥职、翻获其衅。唐玄宗御注以人君好自执杀必不得天理，如拙夫代斲；御疏以大匠动合方圆、拙夫必失绳墨，人君任刑代司杀则害人丧天和。严遵以代司杀者人君、百官失理、政事亡，人主自斲则工人拱手，人君自杀则百官失宜；工人拱手则大厦不成，人君专杀则天下失理。李荣以天道玄鉴、赏善罚恶着在冥司，时政代以人功亦失于道；顽人难化、奸黠难防，当有司刑之职、主杀之官，擅杀者如拙夫代巧匠而伤手。陆希声以世主任情专杀为代大匠斲朴，不善斲而代人必𫜰斤析指、功用不就，引管仲无代马走、无代鸟飞。吕惠卿以刑戮出于好恶而不用于天讨即代司杀者杀，如代大匠斲，其伤可知。苏辙以非天所杀而吾自杀为代司杀，代大匠斲则伤手、代司杀者杀则及身。吴澄以代天杀人犹代匠斲木，代斲者手必多伤、代杀者身必多害，不有人祸必有天刑。憨山以人主代天行杀、运斤成风而不伤锋犯手，然有心之杀乃嗜杀、反取其殃而自伤其手。诸家皆以「代」为僭越天职，故其祸必反于身。" } ], "requiredSources": [ "heshanggong", "tangxuanzong" ] }, "schema": "librebook.chapter/1", "generatedAt": "2026-10-30T11:41:46.941Z", "keyPrefix": "laozi-74", "idRules": { "chapter": "章节目录名（slug），如 01；URL 为 /laozi/01/。", "sentence": "章内局部编号 sNNN，全篇引用使用 laozi-01:sNNN；页面锚点继续使用 #sNNN。", "commentary": "章内注号 cNNN，字词注 nNNN，校记 kNNN；编号在章内稳定，跨章引用时加章节前缀。", "paragraph": "章内段落号 pNNN，与 sentence.paragraph 对应。" }, "book": { "id": "laozi", "slug": "laozi", "title": "老子", "titleSimp": "老子", "author": "老聃", "authorSimp": "老聃", "era": "春秋", "eraSimp": "春秋", "editor": "河上公、王弼等", "editorSimp": "河上公、王弼等", "edition": "王弼《老子注》", "editionSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabel": "王弼《老子注》", "baseLabelSimp": "王弼《老子注》", "separationLabel": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英義疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、嚴遵指歸、李榮注、陸希聲傳、呂惠卿傳、蘇轍老子解、吳澄道德真經注、憨山道德經解、魏源老子本義、俞樾平議、王夫之老子衍十四家", "separationLabelSimp": "河上公章句、王弼注、成玄英义疏、唐玄宗御注御疏、严遵指归、李荣注、陆希声传、吕惠卿传、苏辙老子解、吴澄道德真经注、憨山道德经解、魏源老子本义、俞樾平议、王夫之老子衍十四家", "intro": "《老子》八十一章，分道經、德經。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》為底本，逐章整理正文、舊注、今譯與校記；第一至八十一章已上線，全帙完竣。", "introSimp": "《老子》八十一章，分道经、德经。LibreBook 以王弼《老子注》为底本，逐章整理正文、旧注、今译与校记；第一至八十一章已上线，全帙完竣。" }, "volume": { "id": "dejing", "order": 2, "title": "德經", "titleSimp": "德经" }, "chapter": { "id": "laozi-74", "slug": "74", "order": 74, "title": "第七十四章", "titleSimp": "第七十四章", "status": "published", "revision": "初校", "review": "待复核", "updated": "2026-10-30", "summary": "第七十四章〈制惑章〉五句：民不畏死，奈何以死懼之；若使民常畏死，而為奇者，吾得執而殺之，孰敢；常有司殺者殺；夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不傷其手矣。王夫之《老子衍》公開轉錄本止於第六十六章；俞樾《諸子平議》此章未列，故均不列。全章由民不畏死說起：刑罰酷深而民不聊生，則死不足懼，以死懼之無益；若民樂生畏死，執奇邪者而殺之，孰敢不服；然生殺自有天司，人君不可代天行刑，代斲者必傷其手。河上公題「制惑第七十四」，逐句為注七條，以刑罰酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲傷神、貪財殺身故不知畏死，人君當寬刑罰、教民去情欲，除己所殘剋而教民去利欲，奇巧者應王法而執殺，司殺者天居高臨下、司察人過，天道至明、司殺有常，人君代殺如拙夫代大匠斲木，勞而無功，還自傷手、還受其殃。王弼注二條，以詭異亂群釋「奇」，以逆順者所惡忿、不仁者人所疾釋「常有司殺」。成玄英章義二則、疏五條，章義分全章為四別：一明眾生障重不懼威刑，二明為罪既深必招苦報，三明此苦報自有冥司，四明強代冥司反獲其咎；引佩玉握樞、伊呂平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以證死生有命；疏以染滯深重、曾無恐懼釋民不畏死，以奇詐堅執、冥司捕獲、風刀考楚釋執殺，以三官九署、百二十曹、羅酆泉曲各有司存釋司殺，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反傷其手釋代斲。唐玄宗御注五條、御疏五條，御注以縱情動死、習以為常釋不畏死，以清靜為化、不立刑法為教，以奇詐之人天網不失、司殺自殺釋司殺，以人君好自執殺、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲釋代殺，以傷材自傷、殘害百姓、自喪天和釋傷手；御疏以不能守道清靜、放縱情欲、積習生常申之，以化以無為、人皆少欲、獨有奇詐者當執殺申之，以司主也、天鑒孔明、不得其死申司殺，以代司殺者殺、不得天理申代斲，以大匠動合方圓、拙夫必失繩墨、害人喪天和申傷手。嚴遵輯文四則，以窮困輕死、安寧愛身釋民不畏死，以司殺者大臣、帝王無事無為、百官各任釋司殺，以代司殺者人君、百官失理、政事亡釋代殺，以工人拱手、大廈不成、人君專殺、天下失理釋傷手。李榮六條，以物皆愛生、人咸惜死、酷罰使人不畏死，以奇者詭異亂群、強梁亂群之人應執殺，以賞罰有主、生殺之官不可擅代釋司殺，以天道玄鑒、賞善罰惡著在冥司釋代斲，以頑人少能從化、奸黠多有難防、司刑有職、主殺有官、擅殺者如拙夫代巧匠而傷手。陸希聲傳一段，以民為利欲所陷、雖死不止，嚴刑酷法不可以威眾，當付有罪於至當，聖人法天明威以制五刑，主至當之刑謂之司殺者，引《書》「天討有罪，五刑五用」與管仲「無代馬走，無代鳥飛」為說。呂惠卿傳一段，以民固常不畏死，唯無狹其所居、無厭其所生則可使畏威重死，以司殺者天、天討有罪、五刑五用，以刑戮出於好惡而不用於天討即為代司殺者殺，其傷可知。蘇轍五條，以政煩刑重、民無所措手足故不畏死，以民安於政、樂生畏死然後執詭異亂群者而殺，以司殺者天、天之所棄而吾殺之則天殺而非我殺，以非天所殺而吾自殺為代司殺，以代斲傷手、代殺及身。吳澄五條，以雖殺惡人而為惡者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死懼之無益，以奇為不正、愚民有畏死之心則執殺而人知畏，以有司殺者在、司殺者天、惟天能殺人、惟大匠能斲木，以代天殺人猶代匠斲木，以代斲手傷譬代殺身害、不有人禍必有天刑。憨山解二段，以天命可畏、報應昭然，民不畏死則殺之無益、適足以傷慈，以天道昭昭、必有以殺之、居常自有司殺者殺、無庸有心，以人主代天行殺如代大匠斲、運斤成風而不傷鋒犯手，有心之殺乃嗜殺、反取其殃而自傷其手。魏源本義一段、校記一條，以明太祖讀「民不畏死，奈何以死懼之」而有感、罷極刑而囚役之，見仁人之言其利溥；校記謂「常有司殺者」以下六句河上、王弼、開元、陳象古諸本各不同，其本前四句從傅奕、末兩句從《淮南子》，又記傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死懼之」作「如之何其以死懼之」、「吾得執而殺之」無「執」字、一本「得」作「豈」。河上公題「制惑第七十四」；成玄英題「人不畏死章第七十四」；呂惠卿題「民常不畏死章第七十四」；蘇轍題「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陸希聲本無章題；憨山次為七十四章而無章題；吳澄、魏源均以上章與此章合為其第六十一章。諸本異文：《玄德纂疏》所引經文、蘇轍、陸希聲、呂惠卿作「民常不畏死」「若使人常畏死」；王弼道藏本「夫代司殺者殺，是謂代大匠斲」作「夫司殺者是大匠斲」；河上公、吳澄、憨山作「希有不傷手矣」。正文從王弼通行本，異文見校記。", "summarySimp": "第七十四章〈制惑章〉五句：民不畏死，奈何以死惧之；若使民常畏死，而为奇者，吾得执而杀之，孰敢；常有司杀者杀；夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲；夫代大匠斲者，希有不伤其手矣。王夫之《老子衍》公开转录本止于第六十六章；俞樾《诸子平议》此章未列，故均不列。全章由民不畏死说起：刑罚酷深而民不聊生，则死不足惧，以死惧之无益；若民乐生畏死，执奇邪者而杀之，孰敢不服；然生杀自有天司，人君不可代天行刑，代斲者必伤其手。河上公题「制惑第七十四」，逐句为注七条，以刑罚酷深、民不聊生故不畏死，嗜欲伤神、贪财杀身故不知畏死，人君当宽刑罚、教民去情欲，除己所残克而教民去利欲，奇巧者应王法而执杀，司杀者天居高临下、司察人过，天道至明、司杀有常，人君代杀如拙夫代大匠斲木，劳而无功，还自伤手、还受其殃。王弼注二条，以诡异乱群释「奇」，以逆顺者所恶忿、不仁者人所疾释「常有司杀」。成玄英章义二则、疏五条，章义分全章为四别：一明众生障重不惧威刑，二明为罪既深必招苦报，三明此苦报自有冥司，四明强代冥司反获其咎；引佩玉握枢、伊吕平勃、五月披裘、羊祜郭璞以证死生有命；疏以染滞深重、曾无恐惧释民不畏死，以奇诈坚执、冥司捕获、风刀考楚释执杀，以三官九署、百二十曹、罗酆泉曲各有司存释司杀，以庸拙代匠、所作不成、反伤其手释代斲。唐玄宗御注五条、御疏五条，御注以纵情动死、习以为常释不畏死，以清静为化、不立刑法为教，以奇诈之人天网不失、司杀自杀释司杀，以人君好自执杀、必不得天理、如拙夫代斲释代杀，以伤材自伤、残害百姓、自丧天和释伤手；御疏以不能守道清静、放纵情欲、积习生常申之，以化以无为、人皆少欲、独有奇诈者当执杀申之，以司主也、天鉴孔明、不得其死申司杀，以代司杀者杀、不得天理申代斲，以大匠动合方圆、拙夫必失绳墨、害人丧天和申伤手。严遵辑文四则，以穷困轻死、安宁爱身释民不畏死，以司杀者大臣、帝王无事无为、百官各任释司杀，以代司杀者人君、百官失理、政事亡释代杀，以工人拱手、大厦不成、人君专杀、天下失理释伤手。李荣六条，以物皆爱生、人咸惜死、酷罚使人不畏死，以奇者诡异乱群、强梁乱群之人应执杀，以赏罚有主、生杀之官不可擅代释司杀，以天道玄鉴、赏善罚恶着在冥司释代斲，以顽人少能从化、奸黠多有难防、司刑有职、主杀有官、擅杀者如拙夫代巧匠而伤手。陆希声传一段，以民为利欲所陷、虽死不止，严刑酷法不可以威众，当付有罪于至当，圣人法天明威以制五刑，主至当之刑谓之司杀者，引《书》「天讨有罪，五刑五用」与管仲「无代马走，无代鸟飞」为说。吕惠卿传一段，以民固常不畏死，唯无狭其所居、无厌其所生则可使畏威重死，以司杀者天、天讨有罪、五刑五用，以刑戮出于好恶而不用于天讨即为代司杀者杀，其伤可知。苏辙五条，以政烦刑重、民无所措手足故不畏死，以民安于政、乐生畏死然后执诡异乱群者而杀，以司杀者天、天之所弃而吾杀之则天杀而非我杀，以非天所杀而吾自杀为代司杀，以代斲伤手、代杀及身。吴澄五条，以虽杀恶人而为恶者不止、民愚不知畏死、以死惧之无益，以奇为不正、愚民有畏死之心则执杀而人知畏，以有司杀者在、司杀者天、惟天能杀人、惟大匠能斲木，以代天杀人犹代匠斲木，以代斲手伤譬代杀身害、不有人祸必有天刑。憨山解二段，以天命可畏、报应昭然，民不畏死则杀之无益、适足以伤慈，以天道昭昭、必有以杀之、居常自有司杀者杀、无庸有心，以人主代天行杀如代大匠斲、运斤成风而不伤锋犯手，有心之杀乃嗜杀、反取其殃而自伤其手。魏源本义一段、校记一条，以明太祖读「民不畏死，奈何以死惧之」而有感、罢极刑而囚役之，见仁人之言其利溥；校记谓「常有司杀者」以下六句河上、王弼、开元、陈象古诸本各不同，其本前四句从傅奕、末两句从《淮南子》，又记傅奕「民」下有「常」字、「奈何以死惧之」作「如之何其以死惧之」、「吾得执而杀之」无「执」字、一本「得」作「岂」。河上公题「制惑第七十四」；成玄英题「人不畏死章第七十四」；吕惠卿题「民常不畏死章第七十四」；苏辙题「民不畏死章第七十四」；王弼本、陆希声本无章题；憨山次为七十四章而无章题；吴澄、魏源均以上章与此章合为其第六十一章。诸本异文：《玄德纂疏》所引经文、苏辙、陆希声、吕惠卿作「民常不畏死」「若使人常畏死」；王弼道藏本「夫代司杀者杀，是谓代大匠斲」作「夫司杀者是大匠斲」；河上公、吴澄、憨山作「希有不伤手矣」。正文从王弼通行本，异文见校记。", 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